Logic: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of backward chaining in diagnostic systems?

  • To determine the result of a particular process based on a set of rules
  • To generate new conclusions from a set of facts
  • To evaluate the strength of a hypothesis
  • To determine the cause of a particular problem based on symptoms (correct)

What is the difference between backward chaining and forward chaining in terms of direction?

  • Backward chaining starts from a conclusion and works forward, while forward chaining starts from a hypothesis and works backward
  • Backward chaining starts from premises and works forward, while forward chaining starts from conclusions and works backward
  • Backward chaining starts from available data and works forward, while forward chaining starts from a conclusion and works backward
  • Backward chaining starts from a conclusion and works backward, while forward chaining starts from available data and works forward (correct)

What is the representation of the backward chaining process?

  • A flowchart, with the hypothesis at the center
  • A decision table, with the rules and facts listed
  • A tree, with the conclusion at the end of the tree and the premises at the beginning (correct)
  • A set of directed arcs connecting the premises to the conclusions

What is the strength of backward chaining in terms of rule evaluation?

<p>It is more efficient in terms of the number of rules that need to be evaluated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the two reasoning processes in terms of their goals?

<p>Backward chaining is used for focused problem solving, while forward chaining is used for generating new conclusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Artificial Intelligence?

<p>Building smart machines that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test that measures a computer's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human?

<p>The Turing Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Turing Test, what are the major components of intelligence?

<p>Knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, and learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the four schools of thought in Artificial Intelligence?

<p>Their approach to measuring intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Systems that think like humans?

<p>To build machines that can think like humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the person who introduced the concept of the Turing Test?

<p>Alan Turing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of reasoning in inductive reasoning?

<p>From the particular to the general (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of perception in AI?

<p>To collect and process sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of AI system is designed to solve problems and make decisions like a human expert?

<p>Expert system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of algorithms in perception?

<p>To process and make sense of sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

<p>The direction of reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cameras and LIDAR in self-driving cars?

<p>To collect sensory information about the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common objective of the definitions of Artificial Intelligence provided by Haugeland, Chamiak and McDermott, and Rich and Knight?

<p>To make computers do things at which humans are better (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between robotics and Artificial Intelligence?

<p>Robotics deals with physical robots, while AI deals with programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of intelligence involved in providing a basis for judgment, making decisions, and prediction?

<p>Reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of advanced robots that distinguishes them from simple robots?

<p>Advanced robots utilize artificial intelligence algorithms to learn and adapt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the study of designing programs to complete tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence?

<p>Computational Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the comprehensive term that encompasses various aspects of intelligence, including Reasoning, Perception, and Linguistic Intelligence?

<p>Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of learning in AI?

<p>To improve performance on a specific task by using available data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves receiving direct instructions on how to respond to certain situations?

<p>Direct Instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Machine Learning (ML)?

<p>Development of computer programs that can access data and use it to learn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for Explanation Based Learning (EBL) to work?

<p>Domain-specific knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Learning in Problem Solving and Direct Instruction?

<p>One involves an instructor, while the other does not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Machine Learning (ML) programs?

<p>They require minimal human intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do AI algorithms use to detect objects, pedestrians, and other vehicles on the road?

<p>Data from sensors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the inference engine in an expert system?

<p>To deduce new conclusions based on the knowledge and facts contained in the expert system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of machine learning techniques in self-driving vehicles?

<p>To continuously improve the vehicle's driving behavior based on experience and feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the reasoning engine and the inference engine in an expert system?

<p>The reasoning engine uses knowledge to make decisions, while the inference engine uses knowledge and data to deduce new information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of an expert system?

<p>To simulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reasoning engine in an expert system?

<p>To use knowledge to make decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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