Logic: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

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What is the primary goal of backward chaining in diagnostic systems?

To determine the result of a particular process based on a set of rules
To generate new conclusions from a set of facts
To evaluate the strength of a hypothesis
To determine the cause of a particular problem based on symptoms (correct)

What is the difference between backward chaining and forward chaining in terms of direction?

Backward chaining starts from a conclusion and works forward, while forward chaining starts from a hypothesis and works backward
Backward chaining starts from premises and works forward, while forward chaining starts from conclusions and works backward
Backward chaining starts from available data and works forward, while forward chaining starts from a conclusion and works backward
Backward chaining starts from a conclusion and works backward, while forward chaining starts from available data and works forward (correct)

What is the representation of the backward chaining process?

A flowchart, with the hypothesis at the center
A decision table, with the rules and facts listed
A tree, with the conclusion at the end of the tree and the premises at the beginning (correct)
A set of directed arcs connecting the premises to the conclusions

What is the strength of backward chaining in terms of rule evaluation?

It is more efficient in terms of the number of rules that need to be evaluated (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the two reasoning processes in terms of their goals?

Backward chaining is used for focused problem solving, while forward chaining is used for generating new conclusions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Artificial Intelligence?

Building smart machines that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test that measures a computer's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human?

The Turing Test (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Turing Test, what are the major components of intelligence?

Knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, and learning (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the four schools of thought in Artificial Intelligence?

Their approach to measuring intelligence (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Systems that think like humans?

To build machines that can think like humans (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the person who introduced the concept of the Turing Test?

Alan Turing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of reasoning in inductive reasoning?

From the particular to the general (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of perception in AI?

To collect and process sensory information (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of AI system is designed to solve problems and make decisions like a human expert?

Expert system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of algorithms in perception?

To process and make sense of sensory information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

The direction of reasoning (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cameras and LIDAR in self-driving cars?

To collect sensory information about the environment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common objective of the definitions of Artificial Intelligence provided by Haugeland, Chamiak and McDermott, and Rich and Knight?

To make computers do things at which humans are better (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between robotics and Artificial Intelligence?

Robotics deals with physical robots, while AI deals with programs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of intelligence involved in providing a basis for judgment, making decisions, and prediction?

Reasoning (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of advanced robots that distinguishes them from simple robots?

Advanced robots utilize artificial intelligence algorithms to learn and adapt (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the study of designing programs to complete tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence?

Computational Intelligence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the comprehensive term that encompasses various aspects of intelligence, including Reasoning, Perception, and Linguistic Intelligence?

Intelligence (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of learning in AI?

To improve performance on a specific task by using available data (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves receiving direct instructions on how to respond to certain situations?

Direct Instruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Machine Learning (ML)?

Development of computer programs that can access data and use it to learn (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for Explanation Based Learning (EBL) to work?

Domain-specific knowledge (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Learning in Problem Solving and Direct Instruction?

One involves an instructor, while the other does not (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Machine Learning (ML) programs?

They require minimal human intervention (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do AI algorithms use to detect objects, pedestrians, and other vehicles on the road?

Data from sensors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the inference engine in an expert system?

To deduce new conclusions based on the knowledge and facts contained in the expert system (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of machine learning techniques in self-driving vehicles?

To continuously improve the vehicle's driving behavior based on experience and feedback (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the reasoning engine and the inference engine in an expert system?

The reasoning engine uses knowledge to make decisions, while the inference engine uses knowledge and data to deduce new information (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of an expert system?

To simulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reasoning engine in an expert system?

To use knowledge to make decisions (C) Signup and view all the answers