Questions and Answers
Is the argument 'All cats are mammals. All mammals are animals. So, all cats are animals.' sound or unsound?
Is the argument 'All collies are dogs. Some animals are not dogs. So, some animals are not collies.' sound or unsound?
Is the argument 'All citizens of Nebraska are Americans. All citizens of Montana are Americans. So all citizens of Nebraska are citizens of Montana.' sound or unsound?
Is the statement 'Let's party!' a sentence or a statement, and does it conclude that 'Let's party!' is not a statement?
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Is the argument 'No diamonds are emeralds. The Hope Diamond is a diamond. So the Hope Diamond is not an emerald.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'All the planets are round. The earth is round. So, the earth is a planet.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'If the Taj Mahal is in Kentucky, then the Taj Mahal is in the U.S.A. But the Taj Mahal is not in the U.S.A. So, the Taj Mahal is not in Kentucky.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'All women are married. Some executives are not married. So some executives are not women.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'All mammals are animals. No reptiles are mammals. So, no reptiles are animals.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'All mammals are cats. All cats are animals. So, all mammals are animals.' sound or unsound?
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Is the statement 'Wilbur Wright invented the airplane. Therefore, Orville Wright did not invent the airplane.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'All collies are dogs. Hence, all dogs are collies.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Leo Tolstoy is identical with William Shakespeare. It follows that Leo Tolstoy wrote Hamlet.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'If San Francisco is in Saskatchewan, then San Francisco is in Canada. But it is not true that San Francisco is in Saskatchewan. Hence, it is not true that San Francisco is in Canada.' sound or unsound?
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Is the argument 'Either Thomas Jefferson was the first president of the U.S.A. or George Washington was the first president of the U.S.A., but not both. George Washington was the first president of the U.S.A. So, Thomas Jefferson was not the first president of the U.S.A.' sound or unsound?
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Study Notes
Logical Validity: Sound vs. Unsound Arguments
- All cats are mammals; all mammals are animals; therefore, all cats are animals. (Sound Argument)
- All collies are dogs; some animals are not dogs; thus, some animals are not collies. (Sound Argument)
- Citizens of Nebraska and Montana are both Americans; thus, citizens of Nebraska are also citizens of Montana. (Unsound Argument)
- Claiming "Let's party!" is a sentence but not a statement presents an inconsistency. (Unsound Argument)
- No diamonds are emeralds; the Hope Diamond is a diamond; thus, it is not an emerald. (Sound Argument)
- Claiming all planets are round and that Earth is round does not confirm Earth as a planet. (Unsound Argument)
- If Taj Mahal is in Kentucky then it’s in the U.S.A.; since it’s not in the U.S.A., it’s not in Kentucky. (Sound Argument)
- All women are married; some executives are not married; hence some executives are not women. (Unsound Argument)
- All mammals are animals; no reptiles are mammals; thus, no reptiles are animals. (Unsound Argument)
- All mammals being cats does not imply all mammals are thus animals. (Unsound Argument)
- Claiming Wilbur Wright invented the airplane implies Orville Wright did not; this is a fallacy. (Unsound Argument)
- All collies being dogs does not equate all dogs to being collies. (Unsound Argument)
- Shakespeare wrote Hamlet; if Tolstoy is Shakespeare, then Tolstoy wrote Hamlet. (Unsound Argument)
- Assuming San Francisco is in Saskatchewan leads to incorrect conclusions about its location in Canada. (Unsound Argument)
- Alternating claims about the first U.S. president, confirming one negates the other. (Sound Argument)
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Description
Test your understanding of logical reasoning with these flashcards focused on sound and unsound arguments. This set covers various examples, highlighting how conclusions can be drawn from given premises. Perfect for anyone studying logic or philosophy.
