Local vs. Systemic Infections

Which of the following is a characteristic that differentiates a local infection from a systemic infection?

What is the primary difference between local and systemic infection regarding the body's inflammatory response?

A patient presents with a localized skin infection. Which of the following symptoms would indicate that the infection is likely NOT systemic?

What is the primary reason sepsis is considered life-threatening?

Which of the following processes is most indicative of an infection progressing from a local to a systemic stage?

In the context of systemic infections, what does the term SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) refer to?

During trauma, how can a systemic infection develop, and what condition is it closely associated with?

Which statement accurately describes the difference between sepsis and a systemic infection?

Which of the following physiological responses is directly initiated by the hypothalamus during a stress response?

During an infection, the body experiences stress. Which hormonal response is primarily regulated by the anterior pituitary in response to this stress?

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, released during the adrenal response to stress?

How does the qSOFA criteria assist in the initial assessment of a patient who may be developing sepsis?

A patient presents with tachypnea, altered mental status and hypotension. According to the qSOFA criteria, what do these signs indicate?

What is the relationship between qSOFA and MEWS (Modified Early Warning Score) in assessing patient condition?

If a patient is suspected of having an infection and presents with signs of a stress response, such as tachypnea and altered mental status, which initial set of actions should be prioritized?

Consider a patient with a known adrenal insufficiency who experiences a stressful event such as a severe infection. What is the most critical consideration regarding their stress response?

Which of the following is the most direct consequence of increased capillary permeability during the progression of a disease?

What physiological change directly contributes to cellular ischemia during the described pathological state?

In the context of the described condition, which of the following best explains the significance of suppressed fibrinolysis?

What is the primary reason the hypodynamic phase of a disease is often missed?

In the described pathological state, what is the combined effect of increased neutrophil aggregation and platelet adhesion to the endothelium?

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of the described 'leaky vascular system'?

If a patient's fibrinolysis is suppressed, which of the following is most likely to occur?

During hypoperfusion of organs, what is the primary reason for the increase in lactate levels?

How does increased vasodilation contribute to hypoperfusion in the described condition?

What is the MOST direct effect of faster coagulation in the described condition?

During sepsis, chemical mediators are released from the endothelium. Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator involved in this process?

A patient in septic shock is receiving fluid resuscitation. The order is to administer 30 mL/kg of crystalloid solution. Which assessment finding would MOST strongly suggest that the fluid resuscitation is improving the patient's condition?

What is the primary mechanism by which sepsis leads to vasodilation?

Which of the following physiological responses is a direct consequence of the capillary leak induced by sepsis?

A patient with sepsis develops Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). Which laboratory finding is MOST indicative of this complication?

In the progression of sepsis, what directly contributes to impaired gas exchange?

During sepsis, the activation of the clotting cascade is often followed by a loss of clotting factors. What is the MOST likely consequence of this?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) and sepsis?

A patient with sepsis is hypotensive despite initial fluid resuscitation. Which intervention should be considered NEXT to improve blood pressure?

What is the underlying cause of the immune system failure associated with the progression of sepsis?

Why are antibiotics typically discontinued within 24 hours after surgery as a secondary preventative measure?

Which of the following practices represents a secondary prevention strategy for surgical site infections?

In the context of infection control, what is the primary purpose of adhering to CDC guidelines and universal precautions?

A patient undergoing surgery develops a fever and elevated white blood cell count 36 hours post-operation. Which of the following should be prioritized, according to secondary prevention strategies?

What is the significance of recognizing Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in the progression of sepsis?

How does the presence of both infectious and non-infectious pathologies impact the diagnosis of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the application of secondary prevention strategies to manage sepsis progression?

A patient is diagnosed with SIRS following a surgical procedure. What immediate steps should be taken to prevent the progression to severe sepsis?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines updated in October 2021?

In the chain of infection, which of the following describes the 'portal of exit'?

During a normal inflammatory response to a local infection, what physiological change occurs FIRST?

Which of the following BEST describes the role of cytokines in the body's response to infection?

During the normal immune response to infection, why does arteriole dilation occur with small vein constriction?

Which of the following is an accurate description of anti-inflammatory mediators' action during an immune response?

A patient has a localized infection on their leg. Which of the following would be the expected sequence of events in the body's normal response to infection?

What is the MOST important implication of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign's updated guidelines regarding post-ICU care?

A researcher is studying a new virus. They need to understand how the virus spreads from an infected person to a healthy individual. Which element of the chain of infection is the researcher MOST concerned with?

During an infection, pro-inflammatory mediators are released. What physiological effect would you expect to observe due to these mediators?

If a patient's body is not effectively controlling a localized infection despite initial inflammatory responses, what might be a potential problem?

A hospital is trying to reduce the amount of readmissions. Considering the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines, which strategy would be MOST effective for sepsis patients?

A person accidentally cuts themselves while gardening. What component of the chain of infection does the soil represent in this scenario?

During an immune response, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are at work. What is the purpose of having both types of mediators?

A patient is diagnosed with sepsis. Lab results show elevated levels of both IL-1 and IL-10. How should this be interpreted?

Local Inflammation

Local Infection Signs

Systemic Infection

Widespread Inflammation

SIRS

Sepsis

Sepsis Symptoms

Noninfectious Systemic Infections

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)

Chemical Mediators

Histamines

Prostaglandins

Vasodilation

Capillary Leak

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Clotting Cascade

Impaired Gas Exchange

Stress Response

Hypothalamus Role

Sympathetic Nervous System

Norepinephrine

Pituitary Gland

Glucocorticoids

Tachypnea

qSOFA

Surgical Dressing Change

Secondary Prevention

CDC Guidelines

Universal Precautions

Antibiotics Before Surgery

D/C Antibiotics Within 24 Hours

SIRS Definition

Sepsis Interventions

Surviving Sepsis Guidelines

Post-ICU Sepsis Care

Geographic Diversity in Guidelines

Chain of Infection

Pathogen Definition

Reservoir in Infection

Portal of Exit

Mode of Transmission

Portal of Entry

Susceptible Host

Normal Response to Infection

Three Phases of Inflammation

Cytokines Role

Pro-inflammatory Mediators

Anti-inflammatory Mediators

Capillary Permeability

Neutrophil Aggregation

Platelet Adhesion

Faster Coagulation

Suppressed Fibrinolysis

Hypoperfusion of Organs

Cellular Ischemia

Lactate Increase

Hypodynamic Phase