Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Which of the following structures is responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
Which of the following structures is responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
What role do mitochondria play in the cell?
What role do mitochondria play in the cell?
Which organelle contains genetic material and controls cellular activities?
Which organelle contains genetic material and controls cellular activities?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Which structure serves as a larger storage site for waste and nutrients within the cell?
Which structure serves as a larger storage site for waste and nutrients within the cell?
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What is the primary role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which component of the cell provides structural support and organization?
Which component of the cell provides structural support and organization?
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What defines the capacity of an organism to respond to stimuli?
What defines the capacity of an organism to respond to stimuli?
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Which of the following is considered the smallest unit of life?
Which of the following is considered the smallest unit of life?
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What term describes a group of similar cells working together for a specific function?
What term describes a group of similar cells working together for a specific function?
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Which term refers to the living organisms in an ecosystem?
Which term refers to the living organisms in an ecosystem?
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What do producers primarily do in an ecosystem?
What do producers primarily do in an ecosystem?
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What best describes a trophic level in a food chain?
What best describes a trophic level in a food chain?
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Which of the following accurately describes a multicellular organism?
Which of the following accurately describes a multicellular organism?
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What is the term for the community that interacts with its physical environment?
What is the term for the community that interacts with its physical environment?
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What does the chemical evolution process refer to in the origin of life?
What does the chemical evolution process refer to in the origin of life?
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What is the RNA world hypothesis primarily concerned with?
What is the RNA world hypothesis primarily concerned with?
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Which component is essential for the formation of the first membranes in primitive life?
Which component is essential for the formation of the first membranes in primitive life?
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Who was the first person to observe living cells?
Who was the first person to observe living cells?
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According to cell theory, what is the basic unit of life?
According to cell theory, what is the basic unit of life?
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Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells?
Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells?
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Which scientist is known for coining the term 'cells' after observing cork?
Which scientist is known for coining the term 'cells' after observing cork?
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What crucial role does hereditary material (DNA) play in cells?
What crucial role does hereditary material (DNA) play in cells?
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What role does apoptosis play during embryonic development?
What role does apoptosis play during embryonic development?
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Which enzyme is responsible for adding complementary bases during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding complementary bases during DNA replication?
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What is the significance of apoptosis in terms of cancer prevention?
What is the significance of apoptosis in terms of cancer prevention?
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In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What occurs during the process of DNA helicase activity?
What occurs during the process of DNA helicase activity?
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What type of DNA forms during cellular division?
What type of DNA forms during cellular division?
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Which statement about mutations is correct?
Which statement about mutations is correct?
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What is one of the functions of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
What is one of the functions of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
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What happens to alleles during meiosis?
What happens to alleles during meiosis?
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Which of the following statements about the Law of Dominance is true?
Which of the following statements about the Law of Dominance is true?
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Which evolutionary force is mainly responsible for genetic variation?
Which evolutionary force is mainly responsible for genetic variation?
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In the context of monohybrid crosses, what is the function of a Punnett square?
In the context of monohybrid crosses, what is the function of a Punnett square?
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What is a requirement for an autosomal recessive disorder to manifest?
What is a requirement for an autosomal recessive disorder to manifest?
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Why are males more frequently affected by red-green color blindness?
Why are males more frequently affected by red-green color blindness?
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Which statement best describes hemophilia A?
Which statement best describes hemophilia A?
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What does catabolism refer to in metabolic processes?
What does catabolism refer to in metabolic processes?
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What is a primary role of anabolic reactions in an organism?
What is a primary role of anabolic reactions in an organism?
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Where does photosynthesis primarily take place within a plant?
Where does photosynthesis primarily take place within a plant?
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What is the main outcome of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the main outcome of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
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Which part of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur?
Which part of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur?
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What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
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What are autotrophs primarily capable of doing?
What are autotrophs primarily capable of doing?
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Which process involves splitting water molecules to release oxygen?
Which process involves splitting water molecules to release oxygen?
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What crucial role did cyanobacteria play in the evolution of life on Earth?
What crucial role did cyanobacteria play in the evolution of life on Earth?
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Study Notes
Module 1
- Science is an objective approach to understanding the natural world.
- Discovery science involves verifiable observations and measurements.
- Hypothesis-driven science uses the scientific method to explain phenomena.
- The scientific method involves observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusions.
- Independent variable is the variable manipulated in an experiment.
- Dependent variable is the variable that responds during an experiment.
- Controlled variables are kept constant to prevent their effect on the dependent variable.
- Control group is not exposed to the independent variable.
- Experimental group is exposed to the independent variable.
- Life is an emergent property with characteristics including metabolism, organization, homeostasis, irritability, growth, reproduction, and evolution.
- Metabolism includes all chemical reactions an organism does for energy.
- Autotrophs obtain energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophs consume carbohydrates for energy.
Module 2
- Ecology studies interactions between living beings and their environment.
- Biotic factors are living things like plants, animals, and fungi.
- Abiotic factors are non-living things like humidity, temperature, and sunlight.
- Trophic levels show feeding relationships in a food chain.
- Producers enter energy into the food chain via autotrophy.
- Consumers obtain energy from producers and other consumers.
- Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, and omnivores eat both.
- Detritivores eat dead organic matter, and decomposers break it down.
- Chemosynthesis is a process some bacteria use to make their food.
- Interspecific interactions involve interactions between different species.
- Commensalism benefits one species, and the other is unaffected.
- Mutualism benefits both species.
- Predation is when one species consumes another.
- Parasitism benefits one species, harming the other.
- Intraspecific interactions involve interactions between members of the same species.
- Intraspecific competition occurs when individuals compete for limited resources.
- Intraspecific cooperation occurs when individuals help each other.
- Colonies, partnerships, and family associations are examples of cooperation.
- Ecology considers the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment.
- Individual is a single living organism.
- Population is a group of organisms of the same species.
- Species are organisms similar enough to interbreed.
- Communities involve multiple populations in an area.
- Ecosystems include living and non-living parts of an area.
- Biosphere encompasses the entirety of regions on Earth with life.
Module 3
- Fixity of species is the idea that species do not change over time.
- Evolution is the change in characteristics of species over time.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested three ways species evolve (complexifying force, use/disuse, and inheritance of acquired traits.)
- Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
- Natural selection favors traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.
- Adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive.
- Sexual selection is when individuals select mates based on specific traits.
- Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed a similar theory as Darwin.
- Artificial selection is the process of breeding organisms with desirable traits.
- Fossil is a preserved trace of an organism from the past.
- Comparative anatomy shows how structures can share origins but have different functions.
- Embryology displays common features in early stages of development of related species.
- Keystone species have a large effect on a community relative to its abundance, and anthropogenically caused extinctions can be from overexploitation, habitat loss, or invasive species.
- Indicator species are intolerant of environmental disturbance and can indicate environmental degradation.
Module 4
- Taxa are groups of organisms that share similar traits.
- Species is the smallest taxonomic rank.
- Scientific name consists of genus and species.
- Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and animals, and plants are major groups of life.
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
- Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
- Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Lipids are greasy, oily, or waxy organic compounds.
- Proteins are biomolecules that sustain life, performing many functions.
- Nucleic acids consist of five-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases.
Module 5
- Creationism is the belief that a divine creator made life.
- Spontaneous generation is the obsolete idea that life arises from non-living matter.
- Abiogenesis is the origin of life from non-living matter.
- Chemical evolution is the spontaneous formation of organic compounds from inorganic matter.
- RNA world hypothesis proposes that RNA, not DNA, was the initial genetic material.
Module 6
- Cell theory posits that all living things are composed of cells.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have one.
- Endosymbiosis describes how prokaryotic cells can give rise to eukaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, like bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, like protists, fungi, and plant and animal cells.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts, are evolved by a symbiotic relationship with their prokaryotic cells.
- Cell membranes separate a cell from its environment.
- Cytoplasm is a gelatinous fluid inside the cell.
- Ribosomes manufacture proteins.
- Nucleus controls cellular activities and contains DNA.
- Vesicles are membranous sacs for transporting materials.
- Endoplasmic reticulum is a network for protein and lipid synthesis and storage.
- Golgi apparatus is a membrane system for protein processing and packaging.
- Mitochondria produce ATP (energy).
- Cytoskeleton provides structure and support within the cell.
- Cell wall provides rigid support and structure for plants and bacteria.
- Flagella are used for movement.
- Vacuoles are sacs for storage.
- Lysosome are sacs containing enzymes crucial for breaking down cellular waste and damaging or dead materials.
Module 7
- Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where cells grow, replicate DNA, and prepare for cell division.
- Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of a cell.
- Meiosis is the division of sex cells.
- The stages of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
- DNA replication is the process of creating a copy of DNA.
- DNA replication follows three steps: unwinding, copying, and sealing.
- DNA replication is crucial for genetic continuity and evolution.
- Replication errors can contribute to cancer.
Module 8
- Viruses are non-cellular, infectious agents.
- Viruses can replicate only inside a host cell.
- Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material.
- Viruses can reproduce inside host cells and produce new viral particles.
- Some viruses cause common illnesses.
- Virus structure and types are diverse, and the amount of genetic material can also differ between types.
Module 9
- Gregor Mendel is a key figure in genetics.
- Chromosomes are structures containing DNA and genes.
- Genes are sequences of DNA that encode for proteins.
- Alleles are different versions of a gene.
- Genotype describes an organism's genetic make-up.
- Phenotype describes an organism's observable characteristics.
- Homozygous means having identical alleles for a gene.
- Heterozygous means having different alleles for a gene.
- Dominant allele masks the expression of another allele.
- Recessive allele is expressed only when homozygous.
- Codominance is when both alleles are expressed fully.
- Incomplete dominance involves intermediate expression for both traits.
- Mendel's laws explain gene inheritance: segregation and independent assortment
Module 10
- Metabolism involves catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) reactions.
- Catabolism breaks down large molecules to smaller ones for energy.
- Anabolism builds up molecules from smaller ones.
- Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
- Photolysis splits water molecules during photosynthesis.
- Cellular respiration breaks down sugars to release energy (ATP).
- Glycolysis is the initial stage of cellular respiration.
- Preparatory phase is followed by Glycolysis.
- The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is the stage that involves the formation of acetyl-CoA and breaks down the molecule further.
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the last phase of aerobic respiration and generates most ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
- Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide and occurs in yeasts and some other organisms.
- Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and occurs in animals and bacteria.
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