Untitled Quiz

Module 1

• Science is an objective approach to understanding the natural world.
• Discovery science involves verifiable observations and measurements.
• Hypothesis-driven science uses the scientific method to explain phenomena.
• The scientific method involves observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusions.
• Independent variable is the variable manipulated in an experiment.
• Dependent variable is the variable that responds during an experiment.
• Controlled variables are kept constant to prevent their effect on the dependent variable.
• Control group is not exposed to the independent variable.
• Experimental group is exposed to the independent variable.
• Life is an emergent property with characteristics including metabolism, organization, homeostasis, irritability, growth, reproduction, and evolution.
• Metabolism includes all chemical reactions an organism does for energy.
• Autotrophs obtain energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophs consume carbohydrates for energy.

Module 2

• Ecology studies interactions between living beings and their environment.
• Biotic factors are living things like plants, animals, and fungi.
• Abiotic factors are non-living things like humidity, temperature, and sunlight.
• Trophic levels show feeding relationships in a food chain.
• Producers enter energy into the food chain via autotrophy.
• Consumers obtain energy from producers and other consumers.
• Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, and omnivores eat both.
• Detritivores eat dead organic matter, and decomposers break it down.
• Chemosynthesis is a process some bacteria use to make their food.
• Interspecific interactions involve interactions between different species.
• Commensalism benefits one species, and the other is unaffected.
• Mutualism benefits both species.
• Predation is when one species consumes another.
• Parasitism benefits one species, harming the other.
• Intraspecific interactions involve interactions between members of the same species.
• Intraspecific competition occurs when individuals compete for limited resources.
• Intraspecific cooperation occurs when individuals help each other.
• Colonies, partnerships, and family associations are examples of cooperation.
• Ecology considers the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment.
• Individual is a single living organism.
• Population is a group of organisms of the same species.
• Species are organisms similar enough to interbreed.
• Communities involve multiple populations in an area.
• Ecosystems include living and non-living parts of an area.
• Biosphere encompasses the entirety of regions on Earth with life.

Module 3

• Fixity of species is the idea that species do not change over time.
• Evolution is the change in characteristics of species over time.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested three ways species evolve (complexifying force, use/disuse, and inheritance of acquired traits.)
• Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
• Natural selection favors traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.
• Adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive.
• Sexual selection is when individuals select mates based on specific traits.
• Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed a similar theory as Darwin.
• Artificial selection is the process of breeding organisms with desirable traits.
• Fossil is a preserved trace of an organism from the past.
• Comparative anatomy shows how structures can share origins but have different functions.
• Embryology displays common features in early stages of development of related species.
• Keystone species have a large effect on a community relative to its abundance, and anthropogenically caused extinctions can be from overexploitation, habitat loss, or invasive species.
• Indicator species are intolerant of environmental disturbance and can indicate environmental degradation.

Module 4

• Taxa are groups of organisms that share similar traits.
• Species is the smallest taxonomic rank.
• Scientific name consists of genus and species.
• Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, and animals, and plants are major groups of life.
• Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Lipids are greasy, oily, or waxy organic compounds.
• Proteins are biomolecules that sustain life, performing many functions.
• Nucleic acids consist of five-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases.

Module 5

• Creationism is the belief that a divine creator made life.
• Spontaneous generation is the obsolete idea that life arises from non-living matter.
• Abiogenesis is the origin of life from non-living matter.
• Chemical evolution is the spontaneous formation of organic compounds from inorganic matter.
• RNA world hypothesis proposes that RNA, not DNA, was the initial genetic material.

Module 6

• Cell theory posits that all living things are composed of cells.
• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have one.
• Endosymbiosis describes how prokaryotic cells can give rise to eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, like bacteria and archaea.
• Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, like protists, fungi, and plant and animal cells.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts, are evolved by a symbiotic relationship with their prokaryotic cells.
• Cell membranes separate a cell from its environment.
• Cytoplasm is a gelatinous fluid inside the cell.
• Ribosomes manufacture proteins.
• Nucleus controls cellular activities and contains DNA.
• Vesicles are membranous sacs for transporting materials.
• Endoplasmic reticulum is a network for protein and lipid synthesis and storage.
• Golgi apparatus is a membrane system for protein processing and packaging.
• Mitochondria produce ATP (energy).
• Cytoskeleton provides structure and support within the cell.
• Cell wall provides rigid support and structure for plants and bacteria.
• Flagella are used for movement.
• Vacuoles are sacs for storage.
• Lysosome are sacs containing enzymes crucial for breaking down cellular waste and damaging or dead materials.

Module 7

• Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where cells grow, replicate DNA, and prepare for cell division.
• Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of a cell.
• Meiosis is the division of sex cells.
• The stages of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
• DNA replication is the process of creating a copy of DNA.
• DNA replication follows three steps: unwinding, copying, and sealing.
• DNA replication is crucial for genetic continuity and evolution.
• Replication errors can contribute to cancer.

Module 8

• Viruses are non-cellular, infectious agents.
• Viruses can replicate only inside a host cell.
• Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material.
• Viruses can reproduce inside host cells and produce new viral particles.
• Some viruses cause common illnesses.
• Virus structure and types are diverse, and the amount of genetic material can also differ between types.

Module 9

• Gregor Mendel is a key figure in genetics.
• Chromosomes are structures containing DNA and genes.
• Genes are sequences of DNA that encode for proteins.
• Alleles are different versions of a gene.
• Genotype describes an organism's genetic make-up.
• Phenotype describes an organism's observable characteristics.
• Homozygous means having identical alleles for a gene.
• Heterozygous means having different alleles for a gene.
• Dominant allele masks the expression of another allele.
• Recessive allele is expressed only when homozygous.
• Codominance is when both alleles are expressed fully.
• Incomplete dominance involves intermediate expression for both traits.
• Mendel's laws explain gene inheritance: segregation and independent assortment

Module 10

• Metabolism involves catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) reactions.
• Catabolism breaks down large molecules to smaller ones for energy.
• Anabolism builds up molecules from smaller ones.
• Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
• Photolysis splits water molecules during photosynthesis.
• Cellular respiration breaks down sugars to release energy (ATP).
• Glycolysis is the initial stage of cellular respiration.
• Preparatory phase is followed by Glycolysis.
• The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) is the stage that involves the formation of acetyl-CoA and breaks down the molecule further.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the last phase of aerobic respiration and generates most ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
• Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide and occurs in yeasts and some other organisms.
• Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and occurs in animals and bacteria.