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Questions and Answers

What is the name given to the condition characterized by the inability to initiate and persist in activities?

Avolition

What is the main difference between "Specific phobia, situational type" and "Panic disorder"?

  • People with specific phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of their phobic object or situation, while people with panic disorder might experience unexpected, uncued panic attacks at any given time. (correct)
  • People with specific phobia only experience expected panic attacks, while people with panic disorder experience unexpected panic attacks.
  • People with panic disorder only experience panic attacks in specific phobic situations whereas people with situational phobia may experience panic attacks at any given time.
  • There is no difference, both conditions are the same.

What is the main symptom associated with "Body Dysmorphic Disorder"

Excessive grooming and skin picking.

People with "Trichotillomania" have a strong urge to pull hair from anywhere on the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major types of obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

<p>Symmetry obsessions/Exactness/&quot;just right&quot;, Forbidden thoughts or actions (aggressive/sexual/religious), Cleaning and Contamination, Hoarding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of "Attachment disorders"?

<p>Reactive attachment disorder and Disinhibited social engagement disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two new disorders included in the category of "Anxiety disorders"?

<p>Separation Anxiety Disorder and Selective Mutism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major characteristics of "Hoarding Disorder"?

<p>Excessive acquisition of things, Difficulty discarding anything, Living with excessive clutter under conditions best characterized as gross disorganization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main criteria that must be met to diagnose 'Schizophrenia'?

<p>At least two major symptoms (i.e. delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior (including catatonia), or negative symptoms such as diminished emotional expression or avolition) for a significant portion of time, at least one of the symptoms must include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "Disease Model of Dependence" views drug abuse as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four categories of substances that are commonly abused?

<p>Depressants, Stimulants, Opiates, and Hallucinogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four prominent clinical manifestations of "Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder"?

<p>Chronic, severe, persistent irritability, Frequent temper outbursts, Chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood that is present most of the day, nearly every day, and noticeable by others in the child's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major diagnostic criteria for "Bipolar I Disorder"?

<p>Criteria have been met for at least one manic episode, The occurrence of the manic and major depressive episode(s) is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder, Major Depressive episodes alternate with full manic episode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "Learned Helplessness" theory of depression suggests that individuals attribute negative events to external factors and feel a sense of control over their lives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key features of the "Depressive Cognitive Triad"?

<p>Negative thoughts about themselves, their immediate world, and their future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of "Suicide" is associated with feeling lost and confused, particularly during periods of considerable stress and frustration?

<p>Anomic Suicides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for "Somatic Symptom Disorder"

<p>Lack of excessive anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for "Illness Anxiety Disorder (formerly Hypochondriasis)"

<p>Real reassurance from physicians helps alleviate the individual's concern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four recognized "delusional subtypes"?

<p>Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three distinct indices of 'Suicidal behavior'.

<p>Suicidal Ideation, Suicidal Plans, Suicidal Attempts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a risk factor for "Insomnia Disorder"?

<p>Exposure to a lack of noise, light, comfortable temperature, and high altitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary causes of 'Sleep paralysis', typically experienced by those with "Narcolepsy"?

<p>A brief period after awakening when they can't move or speak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea can occur in people with severe obesity, and can lead to the individual's snoring at night.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It has been found that people with "Central sleep Apnea" often report daytime sleepiness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the condition in which the individual's breathing patterns are disrupted with progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease resulting in a temporary stop in breathing?

<p>Cheyne-Stokes breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of "Sleep-wake disorders"?

<p>Dyssomnias and Parasomnias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary "neurological causes" of "Delirium"?

<p>Intoxication by drugs and poisons, Withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol and sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic medications, Infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common form of "Neurocognitive disorder" is "Neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's Disease".

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main criteria used to diagnose "Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's disease"?

<p>The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder, There is insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains (for major neurocognitive disorder, two domains must be impaired), Criteria are met for either probable or possible Alzheimer's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary types of "Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder"?

<p>Behavioral variant and Language variant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four main categories of neurodevelopmental disorders.

<p>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Specific Learning Disorder, Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder), Autism Spectrum Disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" have a higher risk of developing "Oppositional Defiant Disorder" (ODD).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main criteria that must be met to diagnose "Specific Learning Disorder"?

<p>Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities (i.e., spoken, written, sign language, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production, Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for age, Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period, The difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory impairment, motor dysfunction, or another medical or neurological condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary symptoms of "Autism Spectrum Disorder" are displayed in early childhood and may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed their limited capacities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with 'Stereotypic Movement Disorder' typically engage in intentional, purposeful behaviors aimed at achieving specific goals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main criteria used to diagnose 'Persistent Tic Disorder'?

<p>Single or multiple motor or vocal tics have been present during the illness, but not both motor and vocal, The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset, Onset is before age 18 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Provisional Tic Disorder" is characterized by tics that have been present for less than one year.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disorder characterized by the degeneration of brain cells, leading to progressive cognitive decline, as well as motor impairments, behavioral changes, and mood fluctuations?

<p>Neurocognitive Disorder due to Lewy body Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the neurological disorder that typically first affects motor movements, manifesting as chorea, and can lead to neurocognitive disorder in a significant portion of individuals?

<p>Huntington's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary categories of neurocognitive disorders?

<p>Major Neurocognitive disorder (previously labeled dementia), Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, Neurocognitive Disorder due to another medical condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main characteristic of "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease" is an abrupt onset of cognitive decline.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key features for the diagnosis of "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder"?

<p>The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder, The disturbance has insidious onset and gradual progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most frequent type of "Neurocognitive Disorder" is "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury."

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for "Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV Infection"?

<p>Huntington's Disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary treatment approach for "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury" focuses on providing medical intervention to address the underlying neurological damage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key core diagnostic features necessary for the diagnosis of "Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Lewy Body Disease"?

<p>Fluctuating cognition with pronounced variations in attention and alertness, Recurrent visual hallucinations that are well-formed and detailed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of "Neurocognitive Disorders due to another Medical Condition"?

<p>Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder and Neurocognitive Disorder due to Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Huntington's Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary risk factors for "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury"?

<p>Teens and young adults, especially accompanied by alcohol abuse or lower SES, Traffic accidents, assaults, falls, and suicide attempts, Being exposed to bomb blasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Neurocognitive Disorder due to Prion Disease" is a highly contagious disorder, easily transmitted through various means.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary symptoms of "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson's Disease" include progressive, slow-onset memory impairments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is currently believed that "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Huntington's Disease" is completely reversible with appropriate treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two primary features that differentiate "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Vascular Disease" from "Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease"?

<p>Onset of the cognitive deficits is temporally related to one or more cerebrovascular events, Evidence for decline is prominent in complex attention (including processing speed) and frontal-executive functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Neurocognitive Disorder due to Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder" is always irreversible, even with treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "Disease Model of Dependence" views drug abuse as a physiological disorder, rather than a lack of self-control.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of "Neurodevelopmental disorders"?

<p>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Specific Learning Disorder, Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder), Autism Spectrum Disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main categories of "Sleep-wake disorders"?

<p>Dyssomnias and Parasomnias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a psychological disorder?

A psychological dysfunction within an individual, associated with distress or impairment in functioning, and a response atypical or not culturally expected.

What are the three criteria for a psychological disorder?

  1. Psychological Dysfunction: A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
  2. Personal Distress or Impairment: Significant emotional upset or difficulty in daily life.
  3. Atypical or not culturally expected: A response outside of the norm for their culture.

Prototype

A typical profile of a disorder, representing common characteristics and symptoms.

What is Prevalence?

The proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disorder at a given time.

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What is Incidence?

The number of new cases of a disorder that occur within a specific period (usually a year).

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What is a Chronic course?

A disorder that persists for a long time, potentially a lifetime.

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What is an Episodic course?

A disorder characterized by periods of recovery followed by relapses or recurrences.

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What is a Time-limited course?

A disorder that improves naturally without treatment within a relatively short period.

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What is Acute onset?

A disorder that begins suddenly and intensely.

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What is Etiology?

The study of the origin and causes of a disorder, including biological, psychological, and social factors.

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What is Prognosis?

The anticipated course of a disorder, including chances of recovery or relapse.

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What is Insidious onset?

A disorder that develops gradually over an extended period.

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What is Anxiety?

A negative mood state characterized by physical tension and apprehension about the future.

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What is Fear?

An immediate alarm reaction to current danger, characterized by strong escapist tendencies and a surge in the sympathetic nervous system.

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What are the levels of Anxiety?

Mild: Focused attention, slight tension, restlessness. Moderate: Focused on stress, increased heartbeat, sweating. Severe: Intense symptoms, impaired focus, dread. Panic: Overwhelmed, inability to function, distorted perceptions.

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What is a Panic Attack?

A sudden experience of intense fear or discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms like heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

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What is an Expected (Cued) Panic Attack?

A panic attack triggered by a known situation or object that the person fears.

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What is an Unexpected (Uncued) Panic Attack?

A panic attack that occurs without any clear trigger or warning.

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What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive worry and anxiety about a wide range of events, often minor, with difficulty controlling worry and persistent physical symptoms.

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What is the difference between GAD and Social Anxiety Disorder?

GAD focuses on general worry about future events, while Social Anxiety Disorder involves anticipatory anxiety specifically in social situations.

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What is Panic Disorder?

Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistent worry about future attacks or their consequences.

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What is Agoraphobia?

Fear and avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable in case of developing panic symptoms or other embarrassing symptoms.

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What is a Specific Phobia?

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation that significantly interferes with functioning.

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What is Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)?

A marked fear or anxiety focused on one or more social situations where the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny or judgment.

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What is Separation Anxiety Disorder?

Characterized by excessive worry about being separated from loved ones, often with unrealistic fears of harm to oneself or loved ones during separation.

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What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Develops after exposure to a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance of reminders, negative thoughts/feelings, and changes in alertness/reactivity.

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What is Selective Mutism?

A rare disorder where a child does not speak in specific settings (e.g., school) despite being able to speak in other environments.

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What is an Adjustment Disorder?

Anxious or depressive reactions to specific stressors that are less severe than PTSD or acute stress disorder but still impairing.

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What is an Attachment Disorder?

Disturbed and developmentally inappropriate behaviors in children, showing difficulties forming healthy attachments with caregivers.

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What is Reactive Attachment Disorder?

A pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment where a child rarely seeks comfort or support from caregivers.

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What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

A pattern of overly familiar behavior with strangers, violating social boundaries, often stemming from early neglect or trauma.

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What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Characterized by recurrent obsessions (intrusive thoughts, urges, or images) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) that are done to reduce anxiety caused by the obsessions.

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What are the 4 Major Types of Obsessions?

  1. Symmetry/Exactness: Needing things to be perfect or aligned just so.
  2. Forbidden Thoughts/Actions: Fears of harming self or others, offending God.
  3. Cleaning/Contamination: Fear of germs or contaminants.
  4. Hoarding: Fears of throwing anything away.
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What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?

An obsession with a perceived flaw in one's physical appearance that is not apparent or significantly exaggerated, causing significant distress and impairment.

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What is Hoarding Disorder?

Characterized by excessive acquisition of things, difficulty discarding anything, and living with excessive clutter.

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What is Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling Disorder)?

A disorder characterized by the urge to pull out one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss, distress, and social impairments.

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What is Excoriation (Skin Picking Disorder)?

A disorder characterized by repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage, embarrassment, and social impairment.

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