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Questions and Answers
What is the main topic of the passage?
What is the main topic of the passage?
- The tragic death of Jim Morrison (correct)
- The Humanistic Approach
- The Roots of Humanistic Psychology
- The Psychology of Optimal Experience
Who are the key figures mentioned in the passage?
Who are the key figures mentioned in the passage?
- Jim Morrison and The Doors (correct)
- The leader of the 1960s rock group The Doors and counterculture thinking
- Morrison's parents and music industry executives
- DNY59 and E+
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
What was the argument presented in the discussion about Jim Morrison?
What was the argument presented in the discussion about Jim Morrison?
- Society was not responsible for Morrison's self-destructive behavior and death
- The Humanistic Approach is to blame for Morrison's tragic death
- Morrison was a rock legend who personified counterculture thinking
- Morrison's alienation from his parents, harassment by police, and pressure from music industry executives led to his death (correct)
Humanistic psychology's emphasis on personal responsibility is a response to:
Humanistic psychology's emphasis on personal responsibility is a response to:
Who is mentioned as a key figure in humanistic psychology in the text?
Who is mentioned as a key figure in humanistic psychology in the text?
What did existential psychologists emphasize, according to the text?
What did existential psychologists emphasize, according to the text?
According to humanistic psychology, what is emphasized in living life?
According to humanistic psychology, what is emphasized in living life?
What is the goal of successful therapy according to humanistic psychology?
What is the goal of successful therapy according to humanistic psychology?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the key to personal growth and happiness?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the key to personal growth and happiness?
What event caused Abraham Maslow's perspective on psychology to shift?
What event caused Abraham Maslow's perspective on psychology to shift?
Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the humanistic approach to personality?
Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the humanistic approach to personality?
What is one of the key aspects of the humanistic approach to personality according to the passage?
What is one of the key aspects of the humanistic approach to personality according to the passage?
What led Carl Rogers to pursue a career in psychology?
What led Carl Rogers to pursue a career in psychology?
Where did Carl Rogers face challenges against the Freudian approach and behavioral influences in psychology?
Where did Carl Rogers face challenges against the Freudian approach and behavioral influences in psychology?
According to Carl Rogers, what does becoming a fully functioning person involve?
According to Carl Rogers, what does becoming a fully functioning person involve?
According to Rogers' theory, what is the term for the initial subconscious processing of threatening information?
According to Rogers' theory, what is the term for the initial subconscious processing of threatening information?
What are the common defense mechanisms mentioned in the passage?
What are the common defense mechanisms mentioned in the passage?
What does Rogers argue most people grow up in, according to the passage?
What does Rogers argue most people grow up in, according to the passage?
What is the consequence of severe cases of using distortion and denial as defense mechanisms?
What is the consequence of severe cases of using distortion and denial as defense mechanisms?
According to Rogers, what do children learn to deny or distort in order to win approval?
According to Rogers, what do children learn to deny or distort in order to win approval?
According to the passage, what is the antidote for the self-defeating sequence mentioned?
According to the passage, what is the antidote for the self-defeating sequence mentioned?
In the passage, who else, aside from parents, can provide unconditional positive regard?
In the passage, who else, aside from parents, can provide unconditional positive regard?
What did Carl Rogers emphasize as a requirement for effective psychotherapy?
What did Carl Rogers emphasize as a requirement for effective psychotherapy?
What type of motives did Maslow identify in his theoretical work on human motivation?
What type of motives did Maslow identify in his theoretical work on human motivation?
What was Maslow's perspective on the humanistic approach to personality in contrast to the prevalent view at the time?
What was Maslow's perspective on the humanistic approach to personality in contrast to the prevalent view at the time?
Where did Maslow teach until his death in 1970, with the hope of leaving a new movement in psychology?
Where did Maslow teach until his death in 1970, with the hope of leaving a new movement in psychology?
According to Maslow, what is a characteristic of self-actualized individuals?
According to Maslow, what is a characteristic of self-actualized individuals?
Why does the text suggest that Maslow's need hierarchy is an oversimplification?
Why does the text suggest that Maslow's need hierarchy is an oversimplification?
What approach did Maslow use to understand how individuals reach their true potential?
What approach did Maslow use to understand how individuals reach their true potential?
Which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is concerned with the need for security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear?
Which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy is concerned with the need for security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear?
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need emerges when all lower level needs are met?
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need emerges when all lower level needs are met?
What type of love is based on a deficiency and is concerned with taking, as described in the passage?
What type of love is based on a deficiency and is concerned with taking, as described in the passage?
According to the passage, self-actualized individuals are characterized by their respect for themselves and understanding of societal norms, but are not overly concerned about following them. This quality aligns with which concept proposed by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?
According to the passage, self-actualized individuals are characterized by their respect for themselves and understanding of societal norms, but are not overly concerned about following them. This quality aligns with which concept proposed by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?
What is a common characteristic of self-actualized individuals, as mentioned in the passage?
What is a common characteristic of self-actualized individuals, as mentioned in the passage?
Peak experiences, as described in the passage, are most likely to lead individuals towards contributing to which of the following fields?
Peak experiences, as described in the passage, are most likely to lead individuals towards contributing to which of the following fields?
What are the key components of flow experiences, as described in the passage?
What are the key components of flow experiences, as described in the passage?
In what settings are flow experiences more common, based on the passage?
In what settings are flow experiences more common, based on the passage?
According to the passage, what provides opportunities for mastery and accomplishment even in seemingly mundane jobs?
According to the passage, what provides opportunities for mastery and accomplishment even in seemingly mundane jobs?
When are high school students most content, according to the passage?
When are high school students most content, according to the passage?
What is the consequence of severe cases of using distortion and denial as defense mechanisms, according to the passage?
What is the consequence of severe cases of using distortion and denial as defense mechanisms, according to the passage?
According to Csikszentmihalyi, what is the key to happiness in flow experiences?
According to Csikszentmihalyi, what is the key to happiness in flow experiences?
What did Carl Rogers believe about the therapist's role in counseling?
What did Carl Rogers believe about the therapist's role in counseling?
What is the main source of personal growth and happiness according to Csikszentmihalyi?
What is the main source of personal growth and happiness according to Csikszentmihalyi?
What did Maslow describe as occasions for personal growth similar to flow experiences?
What did Maslow describe as occasions for personal growth similar to flow experiences?
According to Rogers, who is responsible for changing themselves in therapy?
According to Rogers, who is responsible for changing themselves in therapy?
What does Csikszentmihalyi emphasize as the antithesis of happiness in flow experiences?
What does Csikszentmihalyi emphasize as the antithesis of happiness in flow experiences?
According to the passage, what is the therapist's role in person-centered therapy?
According to the passage, what is the therapist's role in person-centered therapy?
What technique did Carl Rogers use in a session with a woman struggling with her sense of personal identity?
What technique did Carl Rogers use in a session with a woman struggling with her sense of personal identity?
What is the main focus of person-centered therapy?
What is the main focus of person-centered therapy?
What does the therapist aim to create in person-centered therapy, based on the passage?
What does the therapist aim to create in person-centered therapy, based on the passage?
According to Carl Rogers, what is crucial for clients to express and accept in person-centered therapy?
According to Carl Rogers, what is crucial for clients to express and accept in person-centered therapy?
What is the primary goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy, as described in the passage?
What is the primary goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy, as described in the passage?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the primary role of therapists in psychotherapy?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the primary role of therapists in psychotherapy?
How does the Q-Sort Technique assess clients' self-concepts?
How does the Q-Sort Technique assess clients' self-concepts?
What was the purpose of adopting the Q-Sort Technique in person-centered psychotherapy?
What was the purpose of adopting the Q-Sort Technique in person-centered psychotherapy?
What did Rogers emphasize as crucial for demonstrating the effectiveness of therapy?
What did Rogers emphasize as crucial for demonstrating the effectiveness of therapy?
What is the defining characteristic of the California Q-Sort used in humanistic therapies?
What is the defining characteristic of the California Q-Sort used in humanistic therapies?
What is a key element in effective therapy according to humanistic and person-centered approaches?
What is a key element in effective therapy according to humanistic and person-centered approaches?
Why is empirical evidence often lacking for the effectiveness of humanistic psychotherapy?
Why is empirical evidence often lacking for the effectiveness of humanistic psychotherapy?
What did Carl Rogers use the Q-Sort Technique for in person-centered psychotherapy?
What did Carl Rogers use the Q-Sort Technique for in person-centered psychotherapy?
What was the primary motivation behind the development of humanistic psychology?
What was the primary motivation behind the development of humanistic psychology?
According to humanistic psychologists, what is the downside of reducing people to a set of numbers using personality tests?
According to humanistic psychologists, what is the downside of reducing people to a set of numbers using personality tests?
What did humanistic psychologists believe was lost in number-crunching approaches dominant in psychology?
What did humanistic psychologists believe was lost in number-crunching approaches dominant in psychology?
What is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction among married couples?
What is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction among married couples?
According to the passage, what is a potential consequence of concealing personal information from a romantic partner?
According to the passage, what is a potential consequence of concealing personal information from a romantic partner?
What was the result of participants writing about a traumatic experience for four nights in a psychology experiment?
What was the result of participants writing about a traumatic experience for four nights in a psychology experiment?
According to the passage, what is the term for the social rule in interactions where people reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy as their conversation partner?
According to the passage, what is the term for the social rule in interactions where people reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy as their conversation partner?
In the humanistic approach, friends are more likely to discuss intimate topics compared to acquaintances, illustrating a concept related to:
In the humanistic approach, friends are more likely to discuss intimate topics compared to acquaintances, illustrating a concept related to:
What does research indicate about disclosure during get-acquainted conversations?
What does research indicate about disclosure during get-acquainted conversations?
In the context of humanistic psychology, what is self-disclosure?
In the context of humanistic psychology, what is self-disclosure?
What role does self-disclosure play in personal relationships and psychotherapy, based on the passage?
What role does self-disclosure play in personal relationships and psychotherapy, based on the passage?
Why is self-disclosure important for personal growth and understanding according to the passage?
Why is self-disclosure important for personal growth and understanding according to the passage?
According to the passage, what is a potential benefit of disclosing traumatic experiences?
According to the passage, what is a potential benefit of disclosing traumatic experiences?
What did the study by Kahn and Hessling (2001) find about students who tended to conceal distress?
What did the study by Kahn and Hessling (2001) find about students who tended to conceal distress?
What are the additional benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences mentioned in the passage?
What are the additional benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage, what is a potential consequence of concealing unpleasant personal information?
According to the passage, what is a potential consequence of concealing unpleasant personal information?
What is the potential long-term impact of inhibiting thoughts and feelings about unpleasant experiences?
What is the potential long-term impact of inhibiting thoughts and feelings about unpleasant experiences?
According to the passage, what is one benefit of expressing thoughts and feelings about unpleasant experiences?
According to the passage, what is one benefit of expressing thoughts and feelings about unpleasant experiences?
In the context of loneliness, what observation do social observers make based on the passage?
In the context of loneliness, what observation do social observers make based on the passage?
What did the national survey from 1985 to two decades later reveal about the number of confidants people have to discuss important matters with?
What did the national survey from 1985 to two decades later reveal about the number of confidants people have to discuss important matters with?
What is a key difference between the Q-Sort and other assessment procedures?
What is a key difference between the Q-Sort and other assessment procedures?
In the context of the Q-Sort technique, what does distributing the cards according to your 'ideal' self entail?
In the context of the Q-Sort technique, what does distributing the cards according to your 'ideal' self entail?
How does the Q-Sort technique align with Rogers' theory?
How does the Q-Sort technique align with Rogers' theory?
What is a potential consequence of concealing personal information from a romantic partner according to the passage?
What is a potential consequence of concealing personal information from a romantic partner according to the passage?
According to humanistic psychology, what is emphasized in living life?
According to humanistic psychology, what is emphasized in living life?
What is a criticism against the humanistic approach in psychology?
What is a criticism against the humanistic approach in psychology?
What is a strength of the humanistic approach in psychology?
What is a strength of the humanistic approach in psychology?
How has humanistic psychology influenced therapy practices?
How has humanistic psychology influenced therapy practices?
What is a common misconception about the humanistic approach's influence?
What is a common misconception about the humanistic approach's influence?
Why do critics challenge the scientific rigor of the humanistic approach?
Why do critics challenge the scientific rigor of the humanistic approach?
What is the goal of the therapist in using the Q-Sort technique in therapy, as described in the passage?
What is the goal of the therapist in using the Q-Sort technique in therapy, as described in the passage?
What does a high correlation between a person's real and ideal selves indicate, as mentioned in the passage?
What does a high correlation between a person's real and ideal selves indicate, as mentioned in the passage?
What did humanistic psychologists believe was lost in number-crunching approaches dominant in psychology, according to the passage?
What did humanistic psychologists believe was lost in number-crunching approaches dominant in psychology, according to the passage?
According to the passage, what is emphasized in living life, based on humanistic psychology?
According to the passage, what is emphasized in living life, based on humanistic psychology?
What did Maslow describe as occasions for personal growth similar to flow experiences, as mentioned in the passage?
What did Maslow describe as occasions for personal growth similar to flow experiences, as mentioned in the passage?
In humanistic psychology, what is the term used to describe the happiest and most rewarding moments in people's lives?
In humanistic psychology, what is the term used to describe the happiest and most rewarding moments in people's lives?
What concept, introduced by Carl Rogers, involves progressing towards fulfillment unless obstructed by life's challenges?
What concept, introduced by Carl Rogers, involves progressing towards fulfillment unless obstructed by life's challenges?
What assessment procedure is used by person-centered therapists to identify discrepancies between clients' self-images and their ideal selves?
What assessment procedure is used by person-centered therapists to identify discrepancies between clients' self-images and their ideal selves?
According to Abraham Maslow, what do self-actualized individuals have as lower needs are met?
According to Abraham Maslow, what do self-actualized individuals have as lower needs are met?
What did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggest turning life into for increased happiness?
What did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggest turning life into for increased happiness?
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Study Notes
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Most people have a self-concept of how they see themselves, but receiving contradictory information can lead to anxiety and the use of defenses to keep it from entering awareness.
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Rogers' theory proposes that this threatening information is initially processed at a subconscious level, called subception.
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Common defenses include distortion (reinterpreting the information) and denial (ignoring it altogether).
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People who view themselves as undesirable also use defense mechanisms.
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Distortion and denial may reduce anxiety in the short term but lead to further disconnection from reality.
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Severe cases can result in a state of disorganization, where the protective barrier against threatening information collapses and extreme anxiety ensues.
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Rogers argues that most people grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard, where love and support are given based on behavior.
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Children learn to deny or distort their weaknesses and faults to win approval and become less aware of their true selves.
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As adults, we continue to incorporate only approved characteristics into our self-concept, denying unflattering traits.
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Rogers advocates for unconditional positive regard, allowing children to accept all parts of themselves.
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Flow is a psychological experience described as a feeling of being fully engaged and focused in an activity
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Flow experiences are intensely enjoyable but also demanding and may require skill and effort
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People of all ages and cultures describe flow experiences in similar terms
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Flow can happen both at work and during leisure hours, but research suggests that flow experiences are more common at work
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Flow experiences involve eight key components: a challenging task, absorption in the activity, clear goals, clear feedback, concentration on the task, personal control, loss of self-consciousness, and a distorted sense of time
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Flow experiences can be found in various activities, including work and everyday tasks, and can lead to a sense of happiness and satisfaction
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Challenging tasks at work can provide opportunities for mastery and accomplishment, even in seemingly mundane jobs
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High school students are most content when they face academic challenges that are within their abilities and find learning fascinating and satisfying, even if their grades are not particularly high.
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Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychotherapist, believed that therapists should not tell clients what they mean but instead restate what they believe they are hearing (pp. 138-140).
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Effective therapy allows clients to see themselves as others do and accept or modify their perspectives, leading to self-understanding and appreciation of life experiences (ibid).
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Humanistic and person-centered approaches to therapy have been shown to be effective in numerous studies (Angus et al., 2015; Elliott, 2002; Vohs et al., 2015).
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The Q-Sort Technique, a tool for assessing psychological concepts, was adopted by Rogers as a means to demonstrate the effectiveness of person-centered psychotherapy (Stephenson, 1953; Tarabulsky et al., 2008; Block, 2008).
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The California Q-Sort uses a deck of 100 cards with self-descriptive phrases; clients sort cards into nine categories based on how much they apply to themselves, with extreme categories representing most and least descriptive characteristics (Block, 2008; Figure 11.2).
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In the Q-Sort process, clients' self-concepts are assessed and compared to those of "ideal" or "supraordinate" self-concepts, which can reveal areas for therapeutic growth (Davidson & MacGregor, 1996).
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The Q-Sort Technique has been used to measure various psychological concepts and is well-suited to humanistic and person-centered therapies.
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Rogers emphasized the importance of research in demonstrating the effectiveness of therapy, but empirical evidence is often lacking due to the subjective nature of therapeutic change (Cengage Learning, 2019).
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The Q-Sort Technique can provide objective data on therapeutic progress, helping to address the challenge of demonstrating the effectiveness of humanistic psychotherapy.
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The study "Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress" by Kahn and Hessling (2001) examined the relationship between disclosing distress and the number of visits to the health center among college students.
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The study involved students writing about their experiences for 15 minutes per day for three consecutive days. The students were divided into two groups: one group wrote about trivial topics, and the other group wrote about traumatic secrets.
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Students who wrote about traumatic secrets showed a decrease in the number of visits to the health center and a decrease in the number of illnesses, as compared to students who wrote about trivial topics.
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Subsequent investigations have found similar health benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences (Frattaroli, 2006; Frisina, Borod, & Lepore, 2004; Kelly & McKillop, 1996).
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These benefits are not limited to handwritten or typed disclosures; speaking about previously undisclosed experiences orally also leads to health improvements (Frattaroli, 2006; Harrist, Carlozzi, McGovern, & Harrist, 2007).
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A study by Pennebaker, Colder, and Sharp (1990) found that students who wrote about problems and emotions encountered during the transition to college made fewer visits to the health center over the next several months, as compared to students who wrote about trivial topics.
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Other studies have also found health benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences (Pennebaker & O’Heeron, 1984; Finkelstein & Levy, 2006).
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The benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences are not limited to physical health; disclosure also leads to improved emotional and psychological well-being several months later (Frattaroli, 2006).
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College students who wrote about feelings concerning upcoming graduate school entrance exams were less emotionally upset about the exams (Frattaroli, Thomas, & Lyubomirsky, 2011).
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Disclosing traumatic experiences can lead to various health benefits, including improved physical health, emotional well-being, and psychological well-being.
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The study by Kahn and Hessling (2001) found that students who tended to conceal distress had a lower tendency to disclose, as indicated by a lower score on the Distress Disclosure Index, compared to students who tended to disclose.
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The study also provided norms for the Distress Disclosure Index, including the mean score and standard deviation for men and women in the undergraduate student sample.
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The humanistic approach to personality emerged as a response to dissatisfaction with psychoanalytic and behavioral descriptions of human nature in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Humanistic psychology is influenced by European existential philosophy and American psychologists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
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Four criteria define humanistic psychology: an emphasis on personal responsibility, the here and now, individual experience, and personal growth.
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Carl Rogers introduced the concept of a fully functioning person, who progresses towards fulfillment unless obstructed by life's challenges. People who deny aspects of themselves may have grown up with conditional positive regard.
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Rogers advocated unconditional positive regard by parents and therapists to help people accept themselves.
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Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchy of human needs, with people progressing as lower needs are met. Self-actualized individuals have certain common characteristics, such as frequent peak experiences.
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Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi studies "flow" experiences, which are the happiest and most rewarding moments in people's lives. He suggests turning life into a series of challenging and absorbing tasks for increased happiness.
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Rogers developed the person-centered approach to psychotherapy, where the therapist creates a proper atmosphere for clients' growth through genuine relationships, unconditional positive regard, and helping clients understand their own words.
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Person-centered therapists use the Q-Sort assessment procedure to identify discrepancies between clients' self-images and their ideal selves, which can measure therapy progress. Linchpin terms include conditional positive regard, hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, optimal experience, fully functioning, and Q-Sort.
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Humanistic psychology's strengths lie in its focus on the positive side of personality and its influence on psychotherapy and other fields. Criticisms include its unscientific reliance on free will and the difficulty in dealing with poorly defined constructs. Some critics question its usefulness for many types of psychological problems and its naive assumptions about human nature.
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