Living in Communities: Benefits and Costs

More security against external dangers and opportunities for fulfilling personal relationships.

Individuals should consider both their own core values and respect the core values of others.

Morality is a society’s rules of conduct regarding what people ought or ought not to do.

<p>Ethical thinking allows individuals to examine situations from different viewpoints and leads to better decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexis needs a scholarship to attend college but struggles to access resources for her research projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, as she utilized available resources to excel academically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were unable to send emails to friends and business associates in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, as they were acting within legal boundaries to enforce traffic laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You have an obligation to ensure product safety and honesty towards customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It could lead to consumer harm and a loss of trust if the product fails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that each person decides right and wrong for themselves, suggesting that moral truths are personal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural relativism defines right and wrong based on a society's moral guidelines, which can differ significantly across cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine Command Theory asserts that good actions align with God's will as revealed in holy texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical egoism is the belief that individuals should act in their own self-interest, prioritizing their own long-term benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The categorical imperative states that one should act only according to maxims that can be universalized without contradiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act so that you treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves and never only as a means to an end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant's ethical theory deems Carla's action wrong because she treats her professor as a means to an end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A perfect duty must be fulfilled without exception, while an imperfect duty is obligated in general but not in every instance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An action is considered good if its benefits exceed its harms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rule Utilitarianism evaluates moral rules that, if followed by everyone, would lead to the greatest increase in total happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexis efficiently completed research projects and achieved straight As, leading to a full-ride scholarship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innocent computer users in the East Asian country were unable to send emails to the U.S., causing significant harm to their communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They needed to weigh privacy concerns against the benefits of preventing terrorism through surveillance data sharing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The engineer could implement a phased rollout, conduct additional testing, or transparently communicate potential issues with stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective relativism posits that moral judgments depend on individual perspectives and cultural contexts, allowing for differing views on right and wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective relativism focuses on individual moral judgments, while tolerance involves accepting and respecting others' differences without imposing one's own beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural relativism does not explain how moral guidelines are determined and implies that differing societal norms are always acceptable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine Command Theory is impractical because it relies on specific religious texts that often disagree, failing to address modern moral dilemmas in secular contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical egoism asserts that morally right actions are those that maximize long-term self-interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant's Categorical Imperative suggests that making a promise with the intent to break it is morally flawed because if universalized, it would undermine the concept of promise itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life, happiness, and the ability to accomplish goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communities minimize costs by prohibiting certain actions and obligating others, which helps maintain security and order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morality serves as a society’s rules of conduct that define what members ought or ought not to do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical thinking allows individuals to view issues holistically and make informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her actions could be seen as compromising fairness by gaining unfair access to resources intended for all students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carla treated her professor as a means to an end by deceiving him to pass the course, thus violating the principle of treating individuals as ends in themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfect duties are those one must fulfill without exception, such as telling the truth, whereas imperfect duties are generally obligated but can allow for exceptions, like helping others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act Utilitarianism considers an action right if it produces a net increase in happiness for all affected parties and wrong if it results in a net decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evaluation shows that if the benefits of an action, such as constructing a new highway, outweigh the costs, the action is deemed morally good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered wrong because the harm caused to users, system administrators, and networks outweighs the benefits of removing the Blaster worm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The benefits of communities, such as security and opportunities for relationships, typically outweigh the costs associated with obligations and potential punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual can balance selfish interests by adopting an ethical point of view that respects other people's core values and considers their well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morality defines what individuals ought to do within a society, guiding behavior through established rules that enhance social cooperation and harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical thinking enhances personal development by encouraging individuals to view situations from multiple perspectives, facilitating more holistic and informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The examination of morality within ethics involves evaluating behaviors and decisions through reasoned analysis, seeking to understand the principles that should guide conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective relativism focuses on personal beliefs about right and wrong, while tolerance involves accepting and respecting differing beliefs without imposing one's own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A key argument against cultural relativism is that just because societies have different moral views does not justify those differences as morally acceptable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine Command Theory is impractical because it relies on a single holy text for moral guidance, which can conflict with the values of multicultural and secular societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Categorical Imperative' requires that one act only according to maxims that can be universally applied as laws, ensuring no logical contradiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical egoism can justify any action that benefits oneself, leading individuals to act in self-interest at the expense of others, resulting in immoral behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexis benefited by achieving academic success and securing a scholarship, while her peers may have been disadvantaged by competition for resources and recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The organization prioritized the reduction of spam over the rights of innocent users, leading to significant harm despite good intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The E D S P has an obligation to ensure accuracy and justice in their enforcement, minimizing penalties on innocent drivers while upholding traffic laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing a buggy app could be seen as prioritizing profit over consumer safety, reflecting a potential ethical failing in the face of competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective relativism suggests that moral judgments are based on personal or cultural perspectives, leading to varied conclusions about the rightness of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kantian ethics emphasizes that individuals must be treated as ends in themselves and never merely as means to an end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle of utility would conclude that her action is wrong since it undermines the overall trust and value of academic work, leading to a decrease in happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfect duties are obligations that must always be fulfilled without exception, while imperfect duties are obligations to be fulfilled in general but not in every instance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rule Utilitarianism evaluates the proposed action based on whether it would, if universally followed, lead to greater overall happiness or minimize harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main flaw is that Act Utilitarianism may require too much effort in calculating the consequences for all affected parties, making it impractical.</p> Signup and view all the answers