Livestock Disorders from Forage
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of bloat in cattle?

  • Lack of minerals in the diet
  • Excessive water consumption
  • High protein concentration in grass
  • Formation of stable foam in the rumen (correct)

    • Which plants are known to rarely cause bloat in livestock?

  • Kudzu and perennial peanut (correct)
  • White clover and birdsfoot trefoil
  • Alfalfa and ladino clover
  • Ryegrass and annual lespedeza

    • What is a recommended control measure to reduce the likelihood of bloat?

  • Immediate grazing of lush legumes
  • Feeding dry hay before grazing (correct)
  • Allowing access to water before grazing
  • Supplementing with high protein feeds

    • What is the initial symptom of bloat in cattle?

    <p>Swelling of the left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How quickly can death occur in cases of acute bloat?

    <p>Sometimes within an hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal's oxygen supply when bloat occurs?

    <p>It is reduced or cut off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grazing conditions are NOT associated with a higher risk of bloat?

    <p>Grazing on dry, sparse grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of livestock other than cattle can be affected by bloat, although less frequently?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Abrupt shift from dry feed to lush pasture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Severe weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effective prevention method for ABPE?

    <p>Gradual diet change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What toxin is responsible for ergot poisoning in cattle?

    <p>Toxins produced by ergot fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates that cattle may be suffering from ergot poisoning?

    <p>Lameness and sloughing of tail tip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bermudagrass staggers is caused by:

    <p>Alkaloids from fungi in mature bermudagrass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an immediate step to take if cattle are affected by bermudagrass staggers?

    <p>Change to an ergot-free diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition may promote the growth of toxin-producing fungi in bermudagrass?

    <p>Cloudy and damp weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal percentage of grass in a pasture to reduce bloat hazard?

    <p>50 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the period with the highest risk of bloat for grazing animals?

    <p>Mid-March to Mid-May</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blocks can be used to minimize the risk of bloat during grazing?

    <p>Salt-molasses blocks with surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forage plants are known to have a high potential for nitrate accumulation?

    <p>Sudangrass and corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of nitrite formation from nitrates in livestock?

    <p>Nitrate poisoning leading to hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates an animal is suffering from nitrate poisoning?

    <p>Bluish membranes of eyes and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the risk of nitrate poisoning from hay be managed?

    <p>By monitoring nitrate levels and feeding caution if levels are between 2,500 and 5,000 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are nitrates stable in hay after harvest?

    <p>They can remain toxic for long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management practice may help prevent bloat after grazing begins?

    <p>Continuous grazing once bloat is not observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ensiling have on nitrate levels in corn?

    <p>Nitrate levels drop by at least 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are supplemental grain feedings beneficial in managing nitrates?

    <p>To dilute the effect of high nitrate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can contribute to high nitrate levels in plants?

    <p>Low humidity and low soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for nitrate poisoning in livestock if diagnosed early enough?

    <p>Intravenous methylene blue solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large round bales of hay can increase the risk of nitrate toxicity due to what reason?

    <p>Accumulation of concentrated nitrate spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moisture content range is recommended for harvesting corn for silage in bunker silos?

    <p>60 to 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of prussic acid buildup in plants?

    <p>Insufficient sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to assess the moisture content of drought-stressed corn?

    <p>Use a moisture tester or microwave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions is grass tetany most likely to occur in cattle and sheep?

    <p>During late winter and early spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is most prone to experiencing grass tetany?

    <p>Cows in early lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prussic acid toxicity primarily affect animals?

    <p>Interferes with oxygen transfer in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safe level of magnesium in forage to avoid grass tetany?

    <p>Around 0.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can reduce the likelihood of high nitrate silage when chopping drought-stressed corn?

    <p>Raising the cutter bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided for at least a week after a frost regarding grazing?

    <p>Green chop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT likely to cause prussic acid buildup in plants?

    <p>Mature, established plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control method for preventing grass tetany in livestock?

    <p>Liming with dolomitic limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the symptoms observed in animals experiencing prussic acid poisoning?

    <p>Excessive salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after ensiling high prussic acid forage is it generally considered safe to feed?

    <p>Three weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the formation of stable foam in the rumen of livestock experiencing bloat?

    <p>Prevention of gas release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following legumes is most likely to cause bloat in cattle?

    <p>Alfalfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help minimize the risk of bloat when grazing?

    <p>Feeding dry hay before grazing legume pastures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological consequence of bloat if it is not addressed rapidly?

    <p>Oxygen supply reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bloat can occur with which of the following environmental conditions?

    <p>Lush pastures wet with dew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically observed first in cattle affected by bloat?

    <p>Swelling of the left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is bloat most likely to occur in grazing animals?

    <p>Grazing on lush ryegrass in spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clover is noted for having low potential to cause bloat?

    <p>Arrowleaf clover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom indicative of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Frothy nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may occur when cattle are removed abruptly from lush pastures?

    <p>Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method to prevent ergot poisoning in cattle?

    <p>Clipping pastures to reduce seedhead development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of bermudagrass staggers?

    <p>Twitching and tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate action should be taken if cattle are affected by an outbreak of ABPE?

    <p>Quickly remove them from the pasture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the development of bermudagrass staggers?

    <p>Clipping pastures regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cattle suffering from ergot poisoning be treated effectively?

    <p>Transition to an ergot-free diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE) is false?

    <p>Symptoms typically present within weeks of dietary change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary time period when bloat is most likely to occur in grazing animals?

    <p>Mid-March to mid-May</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant species is likely to accumulate nitrates, posing a risk for livestock?

    <p>Sudangrass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the addition of salt-molasses blocks containing surfactants play in bloat prevention?

    <p>Reduce foam formation in the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does drought have on nitrates in corn plants?

    <p>Increases nitrate levels in foliage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safe nitrate level in hay to prevent toxicity to livestock?

    <p>Up to 2,500 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can grazing on pastures with suspect plant species during drought conditions affect livestock?

    <p>Increases the risk of nitrate poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to nitrates during the ensiling process?

    <p>They decline by at least 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates a livestock animal is suffering from nitrate poisoning?

    <p>Bluish membranes of eyes and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment can be administered intravenously for nitrate poisoning if diagnosed timely?

    <p>Methylene blue solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to high nitrate levels in plants?

    <p>Excess sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can help prevent bloat after grazing has begun?

    <p>Providing continuous access to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of consuming nitrate-rich hay months after harvest?

    <p>Potential for nitrate poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can increase the risk of bloat in livestock besides pasture composition?

    <p>Rapid growth of legumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moisture content range is recommended for chopping normal corn for silage in bags?

    <p>60 to 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could increase the risk of prussic acid accumulation in plants?

    <p>Young, tender growth after drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should livestock producers avoid doing for at least a week after frost?

    <p>Grazing or feeding green chop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that an animal may be affected by grass tetany?

    <p>Muscle spasms and twitching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of controlling prussic acid toxicity?

    <p>Feed magnesium-fortified mineral mix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to prussic acid levels in forage after ensiling high levels?

    <p>They deteriorate over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which farming practice is advised to reduce the risk of grass tetany?

    <p>Liming with dolomitic limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition is prussic acid most likely to reach dangerous levels in plants?

    <p>Immediately after a frost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is linked to the risk of grass tetany?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of feeding livestock hay that has been dried adequately?

    <p>It is safe and will not contain toxic prussic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moisture content is recommended for upright silos when chopping corn for silage?

    <p>60 to 65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about high nitrate levels in forage is incorrect?

    <p>They tend to decrease immediately after a frost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding livestock access to wild cherry trees?

    <p>Livestock should be kept away from wild cherry trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can raising the cutter bar affect the silage of drought-stressed corn?

    <p>It helps adjust the moisture content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a significant factor contributing to bloat in grazing cattle?

    <p>Presence of stable foam in the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of untreated bloat in cattle?

    <p>Rapid swelling and potential suffocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these pasture management practices can reduce the risk of bloat in cattle?

    <p>Feeding dry hay before grazing lush pastures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of legumes are associated with a higher risk of bloat in cattle?

    <p>White clover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition may exacerbate the occurrence of bloat in livestock?

    <p>Access to lush, moist forage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How quickly can acute cases of bloat lead to death in cattle?

    <p>Within one hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices should be avoided to decrease the chances of bloat development?

    <p>Placing animals on a rich legume pasture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is known to rarely cause bloat in livestock?

    <p>Berseem clover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Labored breathing and frothing at the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of cattle is particularly susceptible to acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Newly calved cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective prevention method for ergot poisoning in cattle?

    <p>Clip pastures to limit seedhead development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with bermudagrass staggers?

    <p>Muscle twitching and tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the immediate action if cattle are affected by acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)?

    <p>Remove them from pasture and feed grass hay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the condition caused by ergot poisoning?

    <p>Increased stimulation of the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term risk associated with feeding hay cut from toxic bermudagrass pastures?

    <p>Sustained toxicity for up to two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main strategy to prevent bermudagrass staggers?

    <p>Keep pastures in a young vegetative stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended moisture content for harvesting corn for silage in upright silos?

    <p>60 to 65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition increases the risk of prussic acid toxicity in plants?

    <p>Long periods of drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to evaluate the moisture content of drought-stressed corn?

    <p>Chop some material and test in a microwave oven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of prussic acid poisoning in animals?

    <p>Excessive salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strategy to control grass tetany in livestock?

    <p>Supplement diet with magnesium-fortified minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what time frame is grazing or feeding green chop avoided after a killing frost?

    <p>One week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low available phosphorus affect magnesium uptake in forage?

    <p>Decreases magnesium uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements regarding the ensiling of high prussic acid forage is true?

    <p>It is usually safe to feed after three weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change occurs initially when cattle go into tetany?

    <p>Muscle twitching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient combination in soil is likely to lead to grass tetany?

    <p>High potassium and low phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant tends to contain more prussic acid?

    <p>Upper leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in assessing drought-stressed corn before harvesting for silage?

    <p>Moisture content testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to prussic acid levels in hay that has dried to 18-20% moisture?

    <p>It is usually safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of frost on prussic acid levels in plants?

    <p>Can cause dangerous levels in newly sprouted shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason nitrate poisoning is prevalent in livestock?

    <p>High levels of nitrate-nitrogen in pasture or hay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may increase the nitrate levels in pastures or hay?

    <p>Heavy fertilization with nitrogen during cool, cloudy weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate visual symptom of nitrate poisoning in livestock?

    <p>Bluish membranes of the eyes and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the risk of bloat in livestock typically the highest?

    <p>In early spring during rapid growth periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help prevent bloat when grazing legume pastures?

    <p>Providing salt and water access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of high nitrate levels in livestock?

    <p>Formation of nitrites that inhibit oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant species is known to accumulate high levels of nitrates?

    <p>Sorghum-sudan hybrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy for managing hay with high nitrate levels?

    <p>Analyzing it for nitrate level before feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ensiling process affect nitrate levels in crops like corn?

    <p>It reduces nitrate levels by at least 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blocks can help prevent bloat during grazing on legume pastures?

    <p>Salt-molasses blocks containing surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important precaution when managing drought-stressed corn for forage?

    <p>Monitoring the timing of harvest for proper moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of nitrate poisoning in livestock?

    <p>Labored breathing and staggering gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in livestock grazing pastures with high nitrogen fertilization?

    <p>Signs of bloat or nitrate poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding nitrates in hay after harvest?

    <p>Nitrate levels will decrease over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Livestock Disorders from Forage

    • Toxic Substances and Mineral Imbalances: Consumption of toxic substances or mineral imbalances in forages and weeds can result in reduced productivity, sickness, or death in livestock. Common Southern issues include fescue toxicity.

    Bloat

    • Cause: Bloat in cattle, and other ruminants to a lesser degree, is caused by stable foam formation in the rumen. This prevents eructation (belching), trapping gases produced by microbial fermentation of forage. Pressure builds, reducing oxygen supply and potentially leading to suffocation. Affected animals swell rapidly.
    • Plants Linked to Bloat: Persian, ball, ladino, or white clover, and alfalfa are high-risk plants. Other legumes, like birdsfoot trefoil, sericea lespedeza, and tropical legumes, are less likely to cause bloat. This difference is thought to be due to leaf tannins in the latter group, which act as protein precipitants to break up the foam.
    • Bloat Prevention: Limit access to lush legume pastures for hungry animals. Initially feed dry hay before grazing. Frequent checks are vital; remove animals showing bloat symptoms. Bloat hazard is reduced with a 50% or more grass component in a pasture.
    • Factors Influencing Bloat: Bloat risk increases during rapid pasture growth (spring), potentially decreasing during summer. The period between mid-March and mid-May is a critical time. Continuously grazing an area is less likely to cause bloat during ongoing grazing than alternating grazing cycles.
    • Treatment: Salt and water access is helpful. Surfactant blocks (detergent-type compounds), and ionophores, can reduce bloat risk, most important in early spring.

    Nitrate Poisoning

    • Cause: High nitrate levels in pastures or hay (pasture/hay high in nitrate-nitrogen) are the primary cause. Nitrates accumulate in plants in low moisture/humidity conditions (especially after periods of drought or cool, wet conditions and high/continuous nitrogen fertilizer use). High nitrate hay can be dangerous for months after harvest. Ensilage reduces nitrate levels somewhat.
    • Susceptible Plants and Weeds: Sudangrass, sorghum-sudan hybrids, pearl millet, corn, wheat, oats are examples of plants susceptible to nitrate buildup. Wild plants such as pigweed, smartweed, ragweed, lambsquarter, goldenrod, nightshades, bindweed, Canada thistle, and stinging nettle may also accumulate toxic levels. Some herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D) can increase nitrate levels in plants.
    • Toxic Levels: Plants with more than 1.5 percent nitrate (15,000 ppm) are highly toxic. Nitrates in the digestive tract reduce to nitrites, which hinder iron in blood hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport. Symptoms include labored breathing, muscle tremors, and stagger. (bluish membranes).
    • Prevention/Treatment: Monitor animals grazing heavily fertilized fields during periods of drought or wet, low-humidity conditions. Prompt treatment with methylene blue (intravenously) can prevent death. However, diagnosis is usually too late. Supplemental grain feeding can reduce risk. Proper nitrate analysis of hay is crucial.
    • Hay Nitrate Levels: Hay with up to 2,500 ppm nitrate is typically safe. Levels from 2,500 to 5,000 ppm require caution; above 5,000 ppm is considered dangerous. Toxicity doesn't diminish with time. Large bales or stacks increase nitrate exposure risk. Mixing high-nitrate hay with other feed sources (15% or less) is a possible mitigation strategy.

    Nitrates in Drought-Stressed Corn

    • Forage vs. Grain: Drought-stressed corn is sometimes used as forage rather than harvested for grain to salvage planting investments.
    • Ensiling: Ensiling (chopping and storing chopped corn as silage) is the best method; nitrates drop by at least 20%. Base of corn stalks contains the highest nitrate concentration.
    • Moisture Content: Ideal moisture content for silage (horizontal, bags, upright silos, and upright oxygen-limiting structures) should be between 50-70% (varies slightly depending on silo type).
    • Moisture Determination: Determining moisture content can be more challenging to evaluate without ears or with poor ear development on drought-stressed corn stalks. Using a microwave oven or moisture tester is advised. Adjustments to the cutter bar may be needed to decrease the likelihood of high-nitrate silage.

    Prussic Acid Poisoning

    • Cause: Glycosides in certain plants (johnsongrass, sorghum, sudangrass, sorghum-sudan hybrids, wild cherry; pearl millet does not contain prussic acid) can form prussic acid (HCN). High levels usually result after frost, drought, or rapid early growth. Young growth after these stresses poses a larger risk. Top leaves tend to have a higher concentration of prussic acid than lower leaves. Low phosphorus and high nitrogen soils increase the risk. Herbicides can temporarily increase levels.
    • Mechanism: Prussic acid affects the oxygen-transferring capacity of red blood cells, leading to suffocation. Symptoms may include excessive salivation, rapid breathing, muscle spasms, and death (within 10-15 minutes).
    • Prevention/Storage: Avoid grazing areas (and wilted hay) immediately after severe drought or frost. Hay that is dried (18-20% moisture or less) usually doesn’t contain toxic levels. Prussic acid degrades after ensiling (safe to feed after 3 weeks). Standing-frost-damaged plants are usually safe after one week.
    • Control and management: If there is a prussic acid concern, then livestock should not be given access to freshly frosted plants, branches from wild cherry trees and avoid access to plants immediately after drought occurrences.

    Grass Tetany (Hypomagnesemia)

    • Cause: Low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) in cattle and sheep, especially during early lactation, causes this condition. This deficiency results from grazing plants on magnesium-deficient soils, especially during wet conditions which limit the plant's ability to take up the nutrient. This problem is most likely on soils low in phosphorus, but high in potassium and nitrogen (e.g., fertilized with broiler litter).
    • Risk factors: Waterlogged soils prevent plants from absorbing sufficient magnesium.
    • Symptoms: Initially, animals may exhibit nervousness, muscle twitching, staggering, and later collapse, muscle spasms, and convulsions, leading to death. Forage with 0.2 percent magnesium is generally safe.
    • Prevention/Control: Pasture improvement (liming with dolomitic limestone and/or magnesium fertilization) may not completely prevent tetany in waterlogged conditions, so supplemental feeding of magnesium-fortified mineral mixes during high-risk periods is advised.

    Other Disorders

    • Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema (ABPE): Respiratory distress in cattle related to sudden diet changes (dry to lush feed, grass to legume). Recent calving cows are especially vulnerable. The best prevention is avoiding sudden dietary changes. Symptoms include acute respiratory distress, labored breathing, frothy mouth, grunting, slight elevation in body temperature.
    • Ergot Poisoning: Parasitic fungus in seed heads (small grains, ryegrass, bahiagrass, dallisgrass) disrupt circulation. Early symptoms are lameness (reduced blood flow), tail sloughing, and possible foot problems. Clipping pastures and providing ergot-free feed can reduce the risk.
    • Bermudagrass Staggers (Bermudagrass Tremors): Nervous disorder (alkaloids from fungal infection of bermudagrass). Rare outbreaks, most possible during autumn/winter following damp, cloudy weather. Symptoms resemble ergot poisoning; recovery often occurs rapidly when animals are moved off pasture. Prevention is best in maintaining pastures in their early vegetative stage.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the various disorders in livestock caused by forages, focusing on toxic substances, mineral imbalances, and bloat. Learn about the causes of bloat, high-risk plants, and prevention strategies. Test your understanding of how forage quality affects livestock health.

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