JAYS QUIZPAD: Liver Functions and Synthesis Quiz

Small blood vessels in the liver that carry blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein.

Blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system to the liver.

Tube that carries bile produced by the liver to the gallbladder.

Artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.

Central vein in each liver lobule that collects blood from sinusoids and carries it to the vena cava.

Tiny channels between hepatocytes that carry bile produced by the liver.

The process of creating new molecules within the liver, such as blood proteins, cholesterol, and bile acids.

The process of breaking down substances in the liver, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.

The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in synthesizing urea, the final product of nitrogen metabolism, which is essential for removing waste from the body.

The liver synthesizes bile acids, which are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines. Bile also aids in the removal of cholesterol and other metabolic byproducts.

The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying the body by inactivating both internally-produced (endogenic) and externally ingested (exogenic) harmful substances. This includes drugs, hormones, and toxins.

The liver serves as a storage site for essential nutrients, including iron, certain metals, and vitamins such as A, D, E, B12, and folic acid.

Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen, a stored form of energy, in the liver. This process is activated when the body is well-fed and at rest.

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose when the body needs energy. This occurs during periods of fasting or exercise.

Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or fatty acids, when there is a shortage of glucose in the body.

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to produce energy (ATP). This process is activated when the body requires energy.

A group of compounds synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.

Bile acids that have been modified by intestinal bacteria.

Conjugated bile acids that aid in fat digestion and absorption.

The process where bile salts are reabsorbed from the intestine and transported back to the liver for reuse.

The process of detoxifying harmful substances in the body.

A compound foreign to the body that can be harmful.

A breakdown product of heme metabolism that is highly toxic.

A metabolic byproduct of amino acid breakdown that is toxic to the brain.

The process of converting xenobiotics (foreign compounds) into more water-soluble and excretable forms by adding polar groups.

The conjugation reaction that attaches glucuronic acid to a molecule, increasing its water solubility and promoting excretion.

The conjugation reaction that attaches sulfate to a molecule, making it more hydrophilic and promoting excretion.

The conjugation reaction that attaches glutathione to a molecule, neutralizing toxins and making them easier to excrete.

The conjugation reaction that attaches an acetyl group to a molecule, modifying its properties and facilitating excretion.

A drug or compound that becomes active after metabolic conversion in the body.

A substance that is converted into a carcinogen by metabolic processes.

The process of converting foreign compounds, such as drugs and toxins, into more water-soluble substances for easier elimination from the body.

Phase 1 reactions typically introduce or expose polar functional groups (like -OH, -NH2, -SH) into a molecule, making it more water-soluble.

Phase 2 reactions involve conjugating (attaching) a polar molecule to the xenobiotic, making it even more water-soluble and easier to excrete.

A group of enzymes responsible for hydroxylation reactions in Phase 1: adding a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a molecule.

Introducing a -OH group into a molecule, often the first step in Phase 1 biotransformation.

The enzymes involved in Phase 1 biotransformation are located in various cellular compartments, including microsomes, cytosol, mitochondria, and blood.

The enzymes involved in Phase 2 biotransformation are located in various cellular compartments, including microsomes, cytosol, mitochondria, and blood.

The process of adding a glucuronic acid molecule to a xenobiotic, a common Phase 2 conjugation reaction.

The process of adding a sulfate group to a xenobiotic, another important Phase 2 conjugation reaction.

A process that modifies a xenobiotic by adding an amino acid, increasing its water solubility.

A common pathway for the elimination of drugs and toxins in the body, involving the kidneys.

Small compounds that can easily pass through the kidneys and be excreted in urine.

Involves converting the hydroxylated or other compounds produced in Phase 1 to more polar metabolites by conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulfate, acetate, glutathione, or certain amino acids.

A group of enzymes found mainly in the liver that play a crucial role in breaking down various substances, including drugs and toxins, making them easier to eliminate from the body.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the addition of an oxygen atom to a molecule, often introducing a hydroxyl group, and this process is crucial for detoxification and metabolism of various substances.

A heme-containing protein that plays a key role in the electron transport chain, transferring electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450.

A type of biotransformation reaction, often involved in Phase 2, where a molecule is made more soluble by attaching a larger, hydrophilic group, such as glucuronic acid or sulfate.

It's the molecule that combines with the substrate during conjugation, typically in Phase 2, making it more water-soluble and easier to excrete.

A key enzyme involved in glucuronidation, a common conjugation reaction in Phase 2, adding glucuronic acid to substrates, increasing their water solubility.

A type of biotransformation reaction that involves the addition of a methyl group (CH3) to a molecule, often playing a role in hormone metabolism, activation or inactivation.