Liver Functions and Conditions Quiz

Portal vein

The blood flow is slowed and blocked

Hepatomegaly

<p>Filtering the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lay down fibrotic scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension, decreased liver function, and hepatocellular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double-stranded DNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis, storage, metabolic, elimination, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results from the constriction of blood flow due to nodules in the liver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifestations of liver failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholangitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constriction of blood flow in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive physical exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ammonia buildup (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematemesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoalbuminemia occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin-angiotensin system activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of new shunts to reduce resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure in the internal iliac veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased clotting factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperestrogenism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ascites and edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood ammonia levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of bile acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalyzes the conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing ammonia production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gets consumed and reduced to NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-oxidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gynecomastia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased thrombopoietin production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of free oxygen species (ROS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the conversion of pyruvate to lactate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80 g/day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pancreatitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological sex and genetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation and necrosis of liver cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irreversible damage and cirrhosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholestasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct hepatocellular injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential progression to cirrhosis in 1 to 2 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of large, uniform nodules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more genetically unstable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferons and antiviral agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis A, D, and E (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymptomatic infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinfection of the graft with Hepatitis C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its RNA structure is much less stable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A severe loss of liver function.

Blood vessel carrying blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

Increased blood pressure in the portal vein.

Chronic liver disease marked by scar tissue and nodules.

Liver damage due to excessive alcohol consumption.

Inflammation of the liver.

Brain dysfunction due to liver failure.

Fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity.

Enlarged spleen.

Swollen veins in the esophagus.

Swollen veins in the rectum.

Abnormal connection between the portal vein and veins outside the liver.

Problems with blood clotting.

Low albumin levels in the blood.

High levels of ammonia in the blood.

High estrogen levels in the blood.

High levels of bilirubin in the blood.

Fat accumulation in the liver.

Liver inflammation caused by alcohol.

Yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Viral infection causing liver inflammation.

Viral infection causing liver inflammation.

Dilated veins around the umbilicus caused by portal hypertension.

Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, causing nodules to form and hindering blood flow within the liver. These nodules restrict blood flow, leading to portal hypertension and bile stasis.

The primary causes of liver damage and cirrhosis are: 1) Parenchymal damage from alcohol, autoimmune hepatitis, viral infections (Hepatitis B and C), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. 2) Vascular disease like right heart failure and clots in hepatic veins. 3) Biliary tract disease involving inflammation of bile passageways.

Compensated cirrhosis is a stage where the liver damage is present but the patient has no noticeable symptoms. The liver is still able to function adequately.

Decompensated cirrhosis refers to a stage where the liver damage has worsened and the patient experiences symptoms. Liver function is significantly impaired, causing complications like portal hypertension, decreased liver function, and potentially hepatocellular carcinoma.

Bile stasis is a condition where bile, a fluid secreted by the liver to aid in digestion, cannot flow properly due to blockages in the bile ducts within the liver. This can occur due to inflammation, scarring, or other factors.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of liver cancer that can develop as a complication of cirrhosis. This cancer arises from the liver cells themselves.

Portal hypertension is caused by the build-up of pressure in the portal vein. This buildup of pressure is caused by the obstruction of blood flow in the liver, which is a result of the scar tissue and nodules that form in cirrhosis.

Reduced production of clotting factors by the damaged liver, leading to increased bleeding risk.

Hypoalbuminemia disrupts colloid pressure, leading to fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity.

Reduced clotting factors and platelet count increase bleeding risk, exacerbated by esophageal varices.

In males, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, impotence. In females, menstrual irregularities and sterility. Both: loss of libido, palmar erythema, spider angioma.

Impaired bile production leads to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin K, essential for clotting.

The accumulation of fat in the liver cells, also known as fatty liver. This occurs when lipogenesis, the process of fat production, is increased.

Nodules are small, regenerating areas of liver tissue that can form in response to damage. These nodules are a sign of irreversible damage to the liver.

Inflammation of the liver, characterized by necrosis (death) of liver cells and the presence of fibrous tissue. It can develop acutely with increased alcohol intake or binge drinking.

Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the liver. In alcoholic hepatitis, this scar tissue is not extensive yet.

The final stage of alcoholic liver disease, characterized by extensive, uniform nodules on the liver surface, which compress hepatic veins and bile ducts.

The accumulation of bile components in the blood, which happens in alcoholic cirrhosis due to compressed bile ducts.

Increased blood pressure in the portal vein, which is caused by compressed hepatic veins in alcoholic cirrhosis.

Viruses that mainly target the liver, causing inflammation and potential liver damage. Examples include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (alDH) is an enzyme in the liver that converts ethanol (alcohol) into acetaldehyde. This is the first step in breaking down alcohol in the body.

Acetaldehyde is a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism. While it is further broken down, it can cause damage to liver cells, contribute to inflammation and contribute to the feeling of a hangover.

Alcohol metabolism uses up NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which is essential for other metabolic processes in the liver. This competition for NAD+ can disrupt energy production, fat breakdown, and glucose production.

Pyruvate, a key molecule in energy production, is diverted to lactic acid production due to the lack of NAD+. This disrupts energy production and can lead to a build-up of lactic acid.

With excess NADH from alcohol metabolism, the liver is more likely to store fat, leading to fatty liver. This is because the excess NADH shifts the metabolic balance towards fat formation.

Acetaldehyde can break down and produce free oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive and damaging to cells. This is a significant factor in the liver damage caused by alcohol abuse.

Factors such as body size, age, sex, ethnicity, and genetics play a role in the severity of alcoholic liver disease. Some individuals are more resistant to alcohol's harmful effects than others.

Alcoholic liver disease progresses in three stages: 1) Fatty liver (accumulation of fat), 2) Alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), and 3) Cirrhosis (scarring and fibrosis of the liver).

A single-stranded RNA virus that infects the liver and is transmitted via infected blood or serum. Hepatitis C is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer globally.

A double-stranded DNA virus that causes hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. It can be transmitted through infected blood, serum, or sexual contact.

Hepatitis A, D, and E do not lead to chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. These infections usually resolve on their own.

The RNA structure of Hepatitis C is highly unstable, making it challenging to develop a vaccine that provides long-lasting immunity.

Treatment for Hepatitis C involves interferons and nucleoside agents. Liver transplantation can also be successful, but the virus can reinfect the transplanted liver.

Treatment for Hepatitis B involves the use of interferons and antiviral agents. Liver transplantation is a possibility, but the success rate is lower than for Hepatitis C.

Both Hepatitis B and C viruses are primarily transmitted through infected blood or serum. This can happen via drug use, sexual contact, or blood transfusions.

A carrier state refers to a condition where a person is infected with the Hepatitis virus but shows no symptoms. They can still transmit the virus to others.