Podcast
Questions and Answers
Respiratory acidosis can be caused by impaired CO2 transport.
Respiratory acidosis can be caused by impaired CO2 transport.
True (A)
The process of converting ammonia to urea is known as the ______ cycle.
The process of converting ammonia to urea is known as the ______ cycle.
ornithine
Which structure carries blood from the digestive system to the liver?
Which structure carries blood from the digestive system to the liver?
What is the main reason for converting ammonia to urea?
What is the main reason for converting ammonia to urea?
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Match each structure with its function:
Match each structure with its function:
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The liver stores ______, which is made from glucose, in hepatocytes.
The liver stores ______, which is made from glucose, in hepatocytes.
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The liver's main function is to produce red blood cells.
The liver's main function is to produce red blood cells.
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What is the name of the enzyme that converts ethanol to ethanal in the liver?
What is the name of the enzyme that converts ethanol to ethanal in the liver?
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What is the primary product of deamination of amino acids in the liver?
What is the primary product of deamination of amino acids in the liver?
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Match the following blood vessels with their function in delivering blood to or from the liver.
Match the following blood vessels with their function in delivering blood to or from the liver.
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Excessive ethanol consumption can lead to ______, a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver.
Excessive ethanol consumption can lead to ______, a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver.
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The ornithine cycle converts urea into ammonia.
The ornithine cycle converts urea into ammonia.
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of high carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of high carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
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Study Notes
Liver Function Overview
- Liver functions include storage (glycogen), detoxification (harmful substances), excretion (waste), and detailed processes like ethanol metabolism, fatty liver, cirrhosis, urea formation, and more.
Ethanol Metabolism
- Ethanol is absorbed in the stomach, transported to the liver, metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to ethanal (acetaldehyde).
- Ethanal is further converted to ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
- NAD+ reduces to NADH during both ethanol breakdown steps.
- Excessive ethanol leads to a fatty liver due to prioritized ethanol oxidation over fatty acid breakdown.
Fatty Liver
- Characterized by fat accumulation in the liver, potentially progressing to cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis
- Liver scarring due to chronic, excessive alcohol consumption.
- Results from the liver's overload in processing alcohol.
Urea Formation
- Amino acids from proteins enter the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
- Excess amino acids are deaminated, forming ammonia.
- The ornithine cycle converts ammonia into urea, a less toxic substance.
- Urea is excreted in urine.
Liver Excretion and Blood Flow
- Hepatic portal vein connects the digestive tract to the liver, carrying nutrient-rich but potentially deoxygenated blood.
- Hepatic vein carries blood from the liver to the body.
- Hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood.
- Most liver blood originates from the low-pressure hepatic portal vein.
- Sinusoids in the liver are large, permeable capillaries allowing large molecule transfer.
- Bile ducts connect with the gall bladder for storage and release.
Deamination
- Removal of an amino group from amino acids.
- Results in ammonia, converted to urea for elimination.
Carbon Dioxide Transport and Acidosis
- CO2 buildup forms carbanino-haemoglobin, reducing oxygen affinity in blood.
- High bicarbonate levels can also impair oxygen transport.
- Impaired CO2 removal (transport) can cause respiratory acidosis.
Egestion
- Removal of undigested matter through defecation.
Liver Cells and Structure
- Kupffer cells (liver sinusoids) eliminate bacteria and decompose red blood cells.
- Hepatocytes perform diverse functions, like detoxification, bile production, and breaking down harmful products.
- Sinusoids, specialized liver capillaries, enable hepatocyte-blood interaction and filtering.
- Hepatic portal vein transports blood from the digestive system to the liver.
- Bile ducts transport bile out of the liver for release or storage.
Handwritten Notes Summary
- Deamination: Amino acids become keto acids and ammonia.
- Keto acids are used for energy release or fat storage.
- Ornithine cycle converts ammonia and CO2 into urea.
- Urea is removed via the kidneys.
- Ammonia conversion to urea lowers toxicity and prevents pH change.
- Hepatic portal vein delivers low-pressure blood from the digestive system to the liver.
- Liver structure: Lobes then lobules.
- Sinusoids connect hepatic artery and portal vein to central veins for hepatocyte filtering.
- Blood flows: Sinusoids → Central Vein → Hepatic Vein.
- Bile flows opposite to blood flow, via canaliculi connecting to bile ducts.
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Description
Explore key functions of the liver including storage, detoxification, and metabolism. This quiz also covers processes such as ethanol metabolism, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and urea formation. Test your knowledge on how the liver processes substances and maintains homeostasis.
