Questions and Answers
Which virus causes Acute Viral Hepatitis transmitted mainly via the fecal-oral route?
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Which virus is the leading reason for liver transplants?
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Which type of hepatitis is dependent on Hepatitis B (HBV) for its infection?
Hepatitis D (HDV)
Which type of hepatitis is more common in Asia, Africa, and Mexico?
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Which type of hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure?
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What are the clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis?
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What is the characteristic feature of fatty liver (steatohepatitis)?
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What causes jaundice in liver disease?
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What is the primary cause of cirrhosis?
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What is hepatic encephalopathy characterized by?
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How can hepatic encephalopathy be managed?
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Study Notes
- Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is caused by toxic effects of excessive alcohol on the liver.
- Alcoholic liver disease can present as fatty liver (steatohepatitis) or alcoholic hepatitis.
- Fatty liver is characterized by increased production of fat in the liver, decreased fat oxidation, and trapped fat in the liver.
- Alcoholic hepatitis is a toxic liver injury that can be asymptomatic but may cause nausea, fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ascites, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and increased risk of bacterial infections.
- Cirrhosis is a end-stage liver disease caused by scar tissue replacing healthy liver tissue, which blocks the flow of blood through the organ and causes loss of organ function.
- Cirrhosis can be caused by alcohol and hepatitis C, and can lead to jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and end-stage liver disease.
- Clinical manifestations of liver disease include jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy.
- Jaundice is caused by increased bilirubin in the blood due to increased destruction of red blood cells, decreased liver function, and obstruction of bile ducts.
- Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia.
- Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome characterized by impaired mental status, neuromuscular disturbances, and altered consciousness, which can be caused by altered neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
- Hepatic encephalopathy can be managed with medications such as lactulose and neomycin, and diuretic therapy.
- Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are cholestatic liver diseases caused by destruction or inflammation of bile ducts.
- PBC is an autoimmune disease that affects mostly women and can be asymptomatic, while PSC is an inflammatory disease that affects mostly men and can be associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
- Cholestatic liver diseases can lead to fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and require medical management.
- Lifestyle factors and autoimmune or genetic links can contribute to liver disease.
- The registered dietitian plays an important role in preventing or reversing malnutrition in patients with liver disease.
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