Liver Disease and Regeneration

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What is the effect of liver disease on liver regeneration?

It is moderately impaired
It is not affected
It is highly impaired (correct)
It is highly enhanced

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To filter and remove bacteria from the portal blood (correct)
To synthesize glycogen
To produce glycoproteins
To store vitamin A

What is the process by which the liver synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis (correct)
Lipolysis

What is the result of the liver's filtration of portal blood?

Hepatic venous blood is sterile (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Hepatic Stellate cells in the liver?

To store vitamin A (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT Vitamin K dependent for its synthesis?

Factor V (C) Signup and view all the answers

Hepatocytes in which zone of the liver have more oxygen and perform more gluconeogenesis?

Zone 1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for jaundice in cases of liver dysfunction?

Increased bilirubin in the blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytochromes P450 in the liver?

Oxidation of xenobiotics and fatty acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the concept that different hepatocytes in the liver perform different functions?

Liver zonation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of body weight does the liver typically compose?

2% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are found in the Disse space, in addition to hepatocytes?

Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Acinus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fenestrations in the endothelial lining of hepatic sinusoids?

To allow macromolecules to pass directly for absorption by hepatocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the zone that contains the hepatic artery, bile duct, and portal vein?

Portal triad (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of high portal pressure in some cases of cirrhosis?

Seepage of liquid in the blood into the interstitium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mature hepatocytes in liver regeneration?

Entering the cell cycle and dividing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypersplenism on blood clotting?

Compromised clotting due to depleted platelets (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy?

The liver regenerates to the size necessary for the individual's hepatic functions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of the total cardiac output is received by the liver?

27% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the collateral system in cirrhosis?

Bypassing the liver due to high resistance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pressure gradient between the portal and suprahepatic veins in a healthy liver?

Infrahepatic gradient (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an increased infrahepatic gradient in a liver with cirrhosis?

Portal hypertension (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the formation of varices in portal hypertension?

Blood seeking a path of lesser resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of the most risky varices in terms of rupture?

Esophagus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of apo-ferritin in hepatocytes?

To store iron in the form of ferritin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 𝛽-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver?

To obtain energy for other functions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver in lipid metabolism?

Converting glucose into energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of lipoproteins in the liver?

To facilitate the transport of cholesterol and phospholipids to tissues for membrane synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hepatocytes in protein metabolism?

To synthesize plasma proteins, including transporters and proteins of the clotting system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of bilirubin conjugation?

Liver (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in heme metabolism?

To oxidize pyrrole groups of heme (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of most urobilinogen in the intestines?

It is converted into stercobilinogen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic colour imparted to urine by urobilin?

Yellow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of excessive erythrocyte lysis on bilirubin levels?

Increased bilirubin levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of bilirubin excretion?

Through the intestines (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of intestinal microbiome in heme metabolism?

To transform conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen (C) Signup and view all the answers