Upper GI Anatomy

Questions and Answers

What percentage of the liver's blood supply is from the hepatic artery and vein?

25% (correct)

100%

50%

75%

What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

Store bile

Phagocytose aged erythrocytes (correct)

Regulate blood pressure

Digest proteins

What are the two additional lobes on the right side of the liver?

Right and left

Accessory and pyramidal

Falciform and triangular

Caudate and quadrate (correct)

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Conveys absorbed nutrients from the small and large bowel Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ligament that attaches to the anterior surface of the liver?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the gallbladder?

Pear-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the gallbladder?

Fundus, body, and neck Signup and view all the answers

Where is the gallbladder located?

In the fossa between the inferior aspects of the right and quadrate lobes of the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the esophageal histology?

Presence of parietal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct anatomical feature of the stomach?

The cardia is the region where the esophagus connects to the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structural features distinguishes the duodenum from the other parts of the small intestine?

Presence of Brunner's glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

Produce digestive enzymes and hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the liver's functional unit, the hepatic lobule?

Glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the stomach?

Celiac trunk Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

Parietal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pancreas?

Production of bile Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circular folds (plicæ circulares) in the duodenum?

To increase the surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the duodenum is TRUE?

It is the first part of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mucous cells in the gastric pits?

To protect the stomach lining from acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the esophagus?

It has a stratified squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main lobes of the liver?

Right and Left Signup and view all the answers

Why is the accessory duct in the pancreas important?

It provides a second route for pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liver

The liver has four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate
Ligaments of the liver include:
- Falciform ligament
- Coronary ligament (anterior and posterior folds)
- Triangular ligaments (left and right)
- Lesser omentum
The liver has a dual blood supply:
- Hepatic artery and vein (25%): oxygenation
- Hepatic portal vein (75%): main blood supply to the liver conveying absorbed nutrients from the small and large bowel
Histology of the liver:
- Polygonal hepatic lobules: basic functional units of the organ
- Periphery of the hexagon has three structures known as the portal triad
- Direction of bile flow is opposite to blood
- Bile canaliculi: smallest branches of the biliary tree
- Stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells): phagocytose aged erythrocytes

Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder

Extrahepatic bile passages and pancreatic ducts:
- Sphincter of bile duct
- Sphincter of pancreatic duct
- Hepatopancreatic sphincter
The gallbladder:
- Intraperitoneal, pear-shaped sac
- Location: fossa between the inferior aspects of the right and quadrate lobes of the liver
- Storage capacity: 30-50ml
- Three parts: Fundus, Body, and Neck

Spleen

Location:
- Diaphragmatic surface and visceral surface
Internal features:
- Gastric pits have mucous cells that produce mucous to protect the inner lining of the stomach
- Gastric glands are lined by Parietal cells (HCl), Chief cells (pepsinogen and chymosin), and Enteroendocrine cells (local hormones)
- White blood cells stored in spleen/ recycles old red blood cells
- Goblet cells = mucous prod.

Duodenum

Location:
- Retroperitoneal
- C-shaped, four parts
Internal features:
- Superior (1st) part: no circular folds
- Other parts: circular folds (plicæ circulares, valves of Kerkring) that slow the passage of food along the small intestines

Pancreas

Location:
- Retroperitoneal except at the tail
Internal features:
- Exocrine pancreas: produces digestive enzymes
- Endocrine pancreas: produces hormones (Glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin)

Blood Supply

Coeliac trunk branches:
- Common hepatic artery
- Right gastric artery
- Gastroduodenal artery
- Right gastro-omental artery
- Left gastric artery
- Splenic artery
- Left gastro-omental artery
- Short gastric arteries
- Dorsal pancreatic artery
- Inferior pancreatic artery

Nerve Supply

Innervation:
- Foregut receives innervation from the autonomic nervous system:
  - Parasympathetic innervation: Vagus nerve
  - Sympathetic supply: T5-T9 spinal cord segments

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy of the liver, including its lobes, ligaments, and blood supply. Test your knowledge of the liver's structure and functions.