Liver Anatomy and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a ligament of the liver?

  • Ligamentum Teres
  • Gastrohepatic ligament
  • Splenorenal ligament (correct)
  • Falciform ligament

Which area of the liver is in direct contact with the diaphragm?

  • The right lobe
  • The left lobe
  • The quadrate lobe
  • The bare area (correct)

What is the approximate size relationship between the right and left lobes of the liver?

  • The right lobe is approximately 6 times larger than the left lobe. (correct)
  • The lobes are approximately the same size.
  • The left lobe is approximately 6 times larger than the right lobe.
  • The right lobe is approximately 2 times larger than the left lobe.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Glisson's capsule?

<p>It covers the entire liver, is fibrous and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the right lobe of the liver primarily located?

<p>The right hypochondrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures does NOT belong to the portal triad?

<p>Hepatic Vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the portal veins within the liver?

<p>To transport nutrient and toxin-rich blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the caudate lobe differ in its venous drainage compared to the rest of the liver?

<p>It drains directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC) via emissary veins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the direction of blood flow within the hepatic veins?

<p>Away from the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a segment of the liver?

<p>Inferior Segment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a portal triad?

<p>Central vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells within the liver?

<p>Filtering and removing toxins from the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin produced by the liver?

<p>It acts as a sponge and also as a transport protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liver maintains blood glucose levels primarily through which process?

<p>Metabolism of carbohydrates and storage as glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liver is responsible for the production of a significant amount of lymph. What is the main function of this lymph?

<p>Transporting proteins and water throughout the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to see in a patient with a myocardial infarction based on the content provided?

<p>Increased AST without increased ALT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with jaundice and elevated ALP. Which of the following conditions should be considered as a primary concern based on the content?

<p>Obstructive liver disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased levels of both AST and ALT are generally indicative of which condition?

<p>Liver damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient’s Liver Function Tests show that their AST levels are significantly greater than their ALT levels, this may indicate?

<p>Alcohol-related issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with decreased ALP is most likely experiencing which of the following based on the information provided?

<p>Malnutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical relationship of the portal vein within the liver segments?

<p>Intrasegmental (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure divides the liver into the right and left lobes?

<p>The main lobar fissure/middle hepatic vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In situs inversus totalis, how are the organs positioned?

<p>All organs are 'flip-flopped' and the heart is on the right (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A liver variant presenting as a long extension of the left lobe, often near the spleen, is known as:

<p>Beaver tail liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tongue-like extension of the inferior tip of the right lobe of the liver, extending beyond the right kidney, describes which liver variant?

<p>Riedel's lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of an increased prothrombin time (PT)?

<p>High cholesterol levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient presents with elevated Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, what condition should be suspected?

<p>Hepatocellular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood test, produced by the liver, functions as a transport sponge?

<p>Albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical ultrasound of a normal liver, how should the echotexture appear?

<p>Hyperechoic, smooth, and fine-grained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ultrasound method follows the edge of the liver from the diaphragm to the liver tip?

<p>Oblique Superior-Inferior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is a key landmark for identifying the left lobe of the liver in an inferior ultrasound image?

<p>Ligamentum teres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portal triad is best visualized in which area?

<p>In the porta hepatis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of hepatic veins on ultrasound?

<p>They have thin echogenic walls and drain into the IVC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the liver's echogenicity compared to other organs?

<p>More echogenic than the renal cortex, but less echogenic than the pancreas and spleen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic helps differentiate portal veins from hepatic veins on an ultrasound?

<p>Portal veins have thick, echogenic walls, while hepatic veins have thin, echogenic walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal transverse measurement range for the liver in an adult?

<p>20-22.5 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a transverse ultrasound image, how are hepatic veins typically oriented relative to the liver segments?

<p>Horizontally, running intersegmental and intra-segmental, (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between liver weight and body weight in adult females?

<p>Approximately 1/34 of total body weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a ligament associated with the liver?

<p>Splenorenal ligament. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be associated with discrepancies in perfusion between the right and caudate lobes of the liver?

<p>Shrinkage of the caudate and/or right lobes due to cirrhosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions might be associated with enlargement of the caudate lobe of the liver?

<p>Thrombosis of hepatic veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the blood supply to the liver is typically oxygenated?

<p>40-50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the Doppler signal produced by hepatic veins?

<p>Continuous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the portal vein in the liver's blood supply?

<p>To supply nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Hormone Synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can increased indirect bilirubin levels in the blood indicate?

<p>Gilbert Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decrease in direct bilirubin levels suggest?

<p>Obstructive liver disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does elastography assess liver condition?

<p>By analyzing the speed of sound beam (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of ultrasonography in diagnosing liver conditions?

<p>It cannot diagnose bilirubin levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased indirect bilirubin production?

<p>Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the Liver?

The largest internal organ in the body, crucial for many functions, making it essential for life.

What is Glisson's Capsule?

A fibrous covering responsible for enclosing the liver and containing important structures like blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

What is the Bare Area of the Liver?

The area of the liver that directly touches the diaphragm without any fluid in between.

What are the Ligaments of the Liver?

These are the fibrous bands that hold the liver in place and connect it to other organs.

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What is the Right Lobe of the Liver?

The largest lobe of the liver, located primarily on the right side of the abdomen.

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Portal Vein

The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system and toxin-rich blood from the spleen to the liver for processing.

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Hepatic Artery

The hepatic artery brings oxygen-rich blood to the liver to fuel its metabolic activities.

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Hepatic Veins

The hepatic veins carry deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart.

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Caudate Lobe Drainage

The caudate lobe of the liver has a unique drainage system via the emissary veins, which directly connect to the inferior vena cava (IVC). This allows the caudate lobe to be spared from some disease processes.

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Intrasegmental vs Intersegmental

Intrasegmental blood vessels run within a specific liver segment, while intersegmental vessels run between segments.

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Liver Lobes

The main lobar fissure, also known as the middle hepatic vein, separates the liver into two primary lobes: the right lobe and the left lobe.

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Situs Inversus

A condition where organs are positioned on the opposite side of the body compared to their normal location.

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Situs Inversus Totalis

A type of situs inversus where all organs, including the heart, are positioned on the opposite side of the body.

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Situs Inversus Levocardia

A variant of situs inversus where all organs are positioned normally, but the heart is on the left side of the body.

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Situs Ambiguous/Heterotaxy

A condition where some organs are positioned more towards the center of the body, rather than their usual location.

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What is the liver lobule?

The smallest functional unit of the liver, responsible for carrying out essential functions. It contains a portal triad (bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery) and a central vein.

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What are hepatocytes?

Specialized cells in the liver that are arranged radially. They are responsible for most of the liver's critical functions, such as protein synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification.

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What are sinusoids?

Channels between rows of hepatocytes where blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery mixes. These channels allow for exchange of nutrients and waste products.

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What are Kupffer cells?

Macrophages located in the sinusoids of the liver. Their primary role is to engulf and remove debris, toxins, and pathogens from the blood.

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What is detoxification by the liver?

The process by which the liver breaks down harmful substances, such as drugs, alcohol, and toxins, transforming them into less toxic forms that can be excreted.

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Hepatocellular Disease

Hepatocellular disease refers to problems with the liver cells themselves. It can often be treated with basic support and imaging.

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Obstructive Liver Disease

Obstructive liver disease means there is a blockage in the bile flow from the liver. Bile is essential for detoxifying and moving waste out of the body. Surgery is usually needed to fix the blockage.

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AST & ALT

AST and ALT are liver enzymes that are helpful markers of liver damage. Higher levels usually mean there is a problem with the liver.

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AST & ALT Differences

Increased AST and ALT levels are common in many liver diseases. However, higher AST levels compared to ALT can suggest alcohol damage, while higher ALT levels suggest liver/viral hepatitis.

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ALP & Liver

Increased ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) often points to liver problems, especially if the level is very high. Higher levels may also be seen with bone disease, heart attacks, pregnancy, or kidney disease.

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What is GGT (Gamma-glutamyltransferase)?

A liver function test that measures the activity of an enzyme involved in drug and toxin metabolism. Elevated levels often indicate liver damage.

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What is PT (Prothrombin Time)?

A blood test measuring clotting time, often referred to as INR (International Normalized Ratio). It should be short/low. Prolonged PT can indicate various issues, including liver disease.

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What is Albumin?

A protein produced by the liver, playing a vital role in transporting materials throughout the body. Low levels of albumin can point to liver or kidney issues.

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What is Echotexture in Ultrasound of the Liver?

The appearance of the liver on an ultrasound. In healthy individuals, the liver appears homogeneous, smooth, and slightly brighter than the kidney cortex.

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What are the methods for Ultrasound of the Liver?

Ultrasound scans of the liver can be performed using two specific orientations: True Superior-Inferior and Oblique Superior-Inferior. The latter follows the edge of the liver.

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Ligamentum Teres

A thin, echogenic line marking the boundary between the left and right lobes of the liver, visible in inferior images.

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Ligamentum Venosum

Appears as a thin, echogenic line, serving as a landmark for the caudate lobe in longitudinal and transverse views.

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Porta Hepatis

The area where the main portal vein enters the liver parenchyma, differentiating the parts within and outside the liver.

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Portal Triad

A collection of structures including the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct, visualized as anechoic tubular structures, particularly in the porta hepatis.

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Liver Size & Weight

The liver is a dynamic organ, constantly changing its size and shape in response to your overall body mass. It's like a chameleon that adapts to whatever body it's in!

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Liver Ligaments

Ligaments are like ropes that hold the liver in place and connect it to other organs. These ropes are critical for keeping the liver stable and allowing it to work properly.

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Liver Capsule

The liver has a special capsule that acts like a protective shield, keeping it safe and organized. It's like a suit of armor for the liver.

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Liver Echogenicity

The liver's echogenicity is like a sound wave reflection. When compared to other organs, it's more echogenic than the kidneys but less echogenic than the pancreas and spleen.

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What is bilirubin?

Bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme, can be either indirect (unconjugated) or direct (conjugated). Elevated indirect bilirubin levels may indicate an increased production of bilirubin due to hemolysis, or a decrease in the liver's ability to conjugate bilirubin.

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How does elastography work?

Elastography, a non-invasive imaging technique, utilizes the speed of sound waves to assess the stiffness of the liver. This stiffness correlates with the extent of fibrosis, a scarring process within the liver.

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What does a decrease in direct bilirubin suggest?

Direct bilirubin levels decrease in several liver conditions, such as hepatocellular jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstructive liver disease. These conditions interfere with the liver's ability to process and excrete bilirubin.

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Can ultrasound be used to diagnose liver problems?

Ultrasound, a common imaging modality, cannot diagnose liver function problems. While it helps visualize the liver's structure, it does not provide information about its metabolic or processing functions.

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What is the normal size of the liver?

A normal size liver measures between 15.5 to 12 cm. This measurement helps in understanding whether the liver is enlarged or smaller than usual, which may be suggestive of underlying conditions.

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Riedel lobe

A rare condition where the liver's major lobe is strangely positioned and might be confused with other structures, like the gallbladder or intestines.

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Cavernous transformation of portal veins

An unusual blood flow condition where blood from the portal veins abnormally flows into the hepatic veins, bypassing the liver's processing functions. This can be caused by blood clots or diseases like sclerosing cholangitis.

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Blood supply in liver

This is a common blood flow pattern seen in the liver where blood from the digestive system (portal vein) and the heart (hepatic artery) mix together, feeding vital liver cells.

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