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Questions and Answers
What is the term used for the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake?
What is the term used for the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Which type of earthquake wave travels the fastest?
Which type of earthquake wave travels the fastest?
How does the strength of an earthquake change with distance from the epicentre?
How does the strength of an earthquake change with distance from the epicentre?
What are S waves classified as?
What are S waves classified as?
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What is the term for the initial point where the movement of an earthquake starts?
What is the term for the initial point where the movement of an earthquake starts?
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What was the magnitude of the earthquake that hit Bhuj on January 20, 2001?
What was the magnitude of the earthquake that hit Bhuj on January 20, 2001?
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Which of the following actions were taken after the earthquake in Bhuj?
Which of the following actions were taken after the earthquake in Bhuj?
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Where is a safe location to take shelter during an earthquake?
Where is a safe location to take shelter during an earthquake?
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What primarily causes erosion in the landscape?
What primarily causes erosion in the landscape?
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Which area experiences faster erosion by rivers?
Which area experiences faster erosion by rivers?
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What event followed the overturning of charcoal cookers during the earthquake?
What event followed the overturning of charcoal cookers during the earthquake?
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What should you avoid during an earthquake according to preparedness guidelines?
What should you avoid during an earthquake according to preparedness guidelines?
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What is the process of breaking up rocks into smaller pieces called?
What is the process of breaking up rocks into smaller pieces called?
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What causes Lithospheric plates to move?
What causes Lithospheric plates to move?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as an exogenic force?
Which of the following is NOT classified as an exogenic force?
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Which phenomenon is an example of a sudden endogenic force?
Which phenomenon is an example of a sudden endogenic force?
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What term is used for the forces that work on the Earth's surface?
What term is used for the forces that work on the Earth's surface?
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What are lithospheric plates responsible for?
What are lithospheric plates responsible for?
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Which of the following is categorized as a slow movement caused by endogenic forces?
Which of the following is categorized as a slow movement caused by endogenic forces?
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What name is given to the formations that occur when sea cave roofs collapse?
What name is given to the formations that occur when sea cave roofs collapse?
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Which of the following describes the steep rocky coast that rises above the sea?
Which of the following describes the steep rocky coast that rises above the sea?
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What features are formed by the erosion of glaciers as they move across the landscape?
What features are formed by the erosion of glaciers as they move across the landscape?
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What do we call the deposits left behind by melting glaciers?
What do we call the deposits left behind by melting glaciers?
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Which of the following processes contributes to the formation of sea arches?
Which of the following processes contributes to the formation of sea arches?
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Which landforms can result from the deposition of sediments by sea waves along the shore?
Which landforms can result from the deposition of sediments by sea waves along the shore?
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What is the primary difference between weathering and erosion?
What is the primary difference between weathering and erosion?
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How are ox-bow lakes formed?
How are ox-bow lakes formed?
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What feature is formed when a river overflows its banks?
What feature is formed when a river overflows its banks?
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What characteristic is common to all waterfalls?
What characteristic is common to all waterfalls?
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Which of the following is NOT a result of river erosion?
Which of the following is NOT a result of river erosion?
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What happens to the speed of river water as it approaches the sea?
What happens to the speed of river water as it approaches the sea?
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Which of these waterfalls is located in North America?
Which of these waterfalls is located in North America?
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Which process continually alters landforms by removing and transporting materials?
Which process continually alters landforms by removing and transporting materials?
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What is the primary agent of erosion and deposition in deserts?
What is the primary agent of erosion and deposition in deserts?
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How do mushroom rocks typically form in desert environments?
How do mushroom rocks typically form in desert environments?
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What are the hill-like structures formed by the deposition of sand called?
What are the hill-like structures formed by the deposition of sand called?
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What is the term for large deposits of fine, easily transported sand?
What is the term for large deposits of fine, easily transported sand?
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Where are large deposits of loess primarily found?
Where are large deposits of loess primarily found?
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Study Notes
Lithosphere and Earth Movements
- Lithosphere consists of rigid plates called lithospheric plates that move due to molten magma's circular movement.
- Plate movement leads to surface changes, with movements categorized as Endogenic (internal forces) and Exogenic (external forces).
- Endogenic forces can be sudden (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) or gradual (e.g., mountain building).
- Exogenic forces are primarily erosional and depositional processes affecting the Surface.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Volcanoes are vents in the Earth's crust for molten material, resulting in sudden eruptions.
- Earthquakes occur when lithospheric plates shift, creating vibrations that travel as seismic waves.
- The focus is the initial movement point within the earth, while the epicentre is the surface location above the focus.
- Seismic waves include:
- P waves: longitudinal waves
- S waves: transverse waves
- L waves: surface waves
Case Study: Bhuj Earthquake
- An earthquake with a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale struck Bhuj on January 20, 2001.
- Resulted in the collapse of school buildings and thousands of casualties.
- Infrastructure damage included burst pipelines and widespread fires due to overturned cookers.
- A state of emergency was declared by both the President and local officials in response to the disaster.
Earthquake Preparedness
- Safe spots: Under kitchen counters or desks away from windows and chimneys during an earthquake.
- Raising awareness about earthquake safety among family and friends can enhance preparedness.
Weathering and Erosion
- Weathering: Breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
- Erosion: Transport and wearing away of rock and soil by water, wind, and ice, leading to the formation of various landforms.
- Water erosion is most effective in steep river sections and less pronounced in gentler areas.
Work of Rivers
- Rivers create unique landforms through processes like:
- Formation of waterfalls where rivers drop over hard rock layers.
- Meandering patterns leading to the creation of ox-bow lakes as meander loops are cut off due to erosion and deposition.
- Flooding leads to fertile floodplain creation, with levees formed from sediment deposits during overflow.
Major Waterfalls
- Angelfalls in Venezuela is the highest waterfall in the world, followed by Niagara Falls (North America) and Victoria Falls (Africa).
Coastal Erosion
- Sea waves contribute to coastal landform changes, forming sea caves, sea arches, and stacks through continuous erosion.
- Sediments deposited by waves create beaches along coastlines.
Glacial Erosion
- Glaciers erode landscapes by transporting soil and rocks, forming hollows and subsequently lakes as they melt.
- Deposits from glaciers create glacial moraines, consisting of various materials.
Wind Erosion in Deserts
- Wind erosion shapes landscapes in arid environments, creating features like mushroom rocks and sand dunes.
- Winds transport fine sand, leading to loess deposits in large areas, notably in China.
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Description
Test your understanding of the lithosphere and the various movements of the Earth's plates. Explore the distinction between endogenic and exogenic forces and their impacts on the surface of the Earth. This quiz covers the key concepts related to plate tectonics and earth movements.
