Literacy and Communication

• Literacy involves the ability to read, write, speak, and listen for effective communication.

Reading Process

• Pre-reading sets expectations for the text.
• Reading includes note-taking, annotating, and questioning to retain information.
• Rereading clarifies understanding after the initial reading.
• Reflecting summarizes ideas and seeks further understanding beyond the text.

Reading Comprehension Levels

• Literal comprehension involves finding answers to basic questions within the text.
• Inferential comprehension requires interpreting information to find answers.
• Evaluative comprehension links the text to personal experience and knowledge.

Written Discourse

• Discourse combines words and phrases for meaningful communication.
• Purposes of discourse include informing, entertaining, persuading, and encouraging discussion.

Modes of Discourse

• Narration tells a story or series of events in chronological order.
• Description uses the five senses to help readers visualize a topic.
• Exposition informs readers by explaining a topic objectively.
• Argument convinces readers using evidence to support a claim or opinion.
• Discourse analysis is contextual.

Common Factors in Analyzing Discourse involve considering

• Reader's backgrounds, considering culture, social environment, and personal experiences
• Making necessary adjustments to cater to the aforementioned

Types of Discourse

• Literary discourse involves creative fiction and nonfiction writing that allows for interpretation and analysis.
• Academic discourse uses formal language and cites facts and evidence.

Reading Strategies and Techniques

• Strategy sets the direction and goals to achieve a desired outcome.

Overviewing Text

• Previewing involves looking at titles, subtitles, visuals, graphs, pictures, and charts
• Skimming identifies the main point or general overview of the material.
• Scanning looks for specific information.

Using Context Clues

• Synonyms: Use words or phrases with similar meanings to understand unfamiliar words
• Antonyms: Use words with opposite meanings to understand unfamiliar words
• Examples: Look for specific details that clarify the meaning of a word.
• Explanations and Definitions: Identify brief definitions or restatements signaled by words or punctuation.
• Situation: A word's meaning depends on its context.

Connotation and Denotation

• Denotation: The literal meaning of a word found in the dictionary
• Connotation: The positive, negative, or neutral feelings and associations with a word.

Technique

• Provides the tools and methods to achieve reading goals

Cognitive Process

• Mental process of thinking, remembering, obtaining, and storing knowledge

Decoding

• To understand and interpret texts and symbols; translating a printed word into something meaningful

Derive

• Figure out or establish something through logical analysis or reasoning

Language Acquisition

• The process by which humans acquire the ability to comprehend and produce language for effective communication

Ways of Organizing Ideas

• Graphic organizers help organize ideas, see relationships, and retain information using visual representations, icons, and symbols.
• Plot Diagram: A plot diagram graphically represents the plot of a story
• Network Tree: helps organizes a hierarchical set of information
• Venn Diagram: comparing and contrasting two or more different concepts
• Flowchart: A diagram that helps make decisions between alternative courses of action

Problem and Solution

• Contains cause and effect problems and solutions
• Brainstorming: Collaboration to explore topics, develop ideas, or propose solutions
• Outlining: Organize ideas by listing main points, supporting details, and their order

Types of Outlines

• Topic Outline: Lists words and phrases
• Sentence Outline: Lists full sentences with a subject, verb, and predicate

Outline Formats

• Alphanumeric and decimal formats are used to organize information

Rhetorical Patterns

The listed patterns indicate different ways to structure writing, serving distinct purposes such as classification, narration, comparison, and persuasion

Properties of a Well-Written Text

• Organization: Structures used to present ideas
• Organization facilitates reader comprehension and maintains reader focus.
• Coherence ensures logical consistency and conceptual connections between ideas.
• Cohesion forms a whole unit through coherence at the sentence level.
• Language should be concrete, specific, and descriptive.
• Mechanics focus on correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar.
• Employ Standard English, correct grammar, and avoid contractions. Use punctuation marks correctly.
• Spell out numbers from zero to ten; use figures for numbers above ten