Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a statin?

  • Cholestyramine
  • Fenofibrate
  • Atorvastatin (correct)
  • Gemfibrozil

    • Fibrates activate PPAR-alpha to enhance lipoprotein lipase activity.

    True

    Name one example of a bile acid sequestrant.

    Cholestyramine

    Niacin inhibits the lipolysis of triglycerides by __________.

    <p>hormone-sensitive lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with both statins and fibrates?

    <p>Myopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs to their mechanism of action:

    <p>Atorvastatin = Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis Fenofibrate = Activation of lipoprotein lipase Cholestyramine = Binding bile acids Niacin = Inhibition of lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adverse effects of bile acid sequestrants include myopathy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic purpose of fibrates?

    <p>To reduce triglycerides and VLDL production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to reduce hepatic triglyceride synthesis?

    <p>Omega-3 Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PCSK9 inhibitors increase the degradation of LDL receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Ezetimibe?

    <p>Inhibits the absorption of cholesterol at the intestinal brush border.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lomitapide is indicated for __________ familial hypercholesterolemia.

    <p>homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their primary indication:

    <p>Apolipoprotein B Antisense Oligonucleotides = Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia PCSK9 Inhibitors = Severe hypercholesterolemia Omega-3 Fatty Acids = Severe hypertriglyceridemia CETP Inhibitors = Raising HDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with Niacin?

    <p>Flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an example of a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>Injection site reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which apolipoprotein is primarily associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is known for its cardioprotective function?

    <p>ApoA-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ApoB-48 is responsible for delivering cholesterol to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the apolipoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) for triglyceride breakdown.

    <p>ApoC-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The apolipoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular risk is ______.

    <p>ApoE4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the apolipoproteins to their associated functions:

    <p>ApoA-I = Activates LCAT ApoC-III = Inhibits LPL ApoE2 = Lipid transport and clearance ApoB-100 = LDL receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins is primarily responsible for transporting dietary lipids in the intestines?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ApoA-II stabilizes the structure of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ApoC-II in lipoprotein metabolism?

    <p>Activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipoproteins

    • Lipoproteins are complex structures composed of proteins (apolipoproteins) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids).
    • Different types of lipoproteins have different compositions and functions.
    • HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "good cholesterol" as it removes excess cholesterol from the body.
    • LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" as it carries cholesterol to the tissues.
    • VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) carries triglycerides synthesized by the liver to peripheral tissues.
    • IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) is a transitional lipoprotein between VLDL and LDL.
    • Chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues.

    Apolipoproteins

    • Apolipoproteins are proteins associated with lipoproteins.
    • Different apolipoproteins have various functions, including lipid transport, receptor binding.
    • ApoA-I, a major HDL protein, is cardioprotective
    • ApoB-100 is key in LDL cholesterol delivery.
    • ApoC-II activates lipoprotein lipase.
    • ApoC-III inhibits lipoprotein lipase.
    • ApoE is involved in cholesterol metabolism and immune functions; ApoE4 is linked to Alzheimer's disease risk.

    Lipoprotein Hierarchy

    • Lipoproteins transport lipids throughout the body
    • LDL delivers cholesterol to tissues.
    • HDL collects cholesterol from tissues and returns it to the liver.
    • VLDL delivers triglycerides synthesized by the liver to peripheral tissues.
    • Chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues.
    • IDL is a transitional lipoprotein (in between VLDL and LDL).

    Cholesterol

    • Cholesterol is essential for various bodily functions, such as cell membrane integrity and hormone production.
    • Excess cholesterol can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
    • Beneficial cholesterol levels: total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol >60 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol <100 mg/dL, triglycerides <150 mg/dL.

    Dyslipidemia

    • Dyslipidemia is an abnormal amount of lipids in the blood, encompassing conditions like hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.
    • Genetic factors (primary) and acquired conditions (secondary) contribute to dyslipidemia.
    • Secondary causes of dyslipidemia include disorders like diabetes or hypothyroidism.

    Frederickson Classification

    • Categorizes different types of dyslipidemias based on the specific lipoprotein abnormalities, such as elevated chylomicrons, VLDL, or LDL levels.

    • Type I: Deficiency in lipoprotein lipase leading to elevated chylomicrons.

    • Type IIa: Elevated LDL due to LDL receptor defects.

    • Type IIb: Elevated LDL and VLDL.

    • Type III: Elevated IDL.

    • Type IV: Elevated VLDL.

    • Type V: Elevated chylomicrons and VLDL.

    Dyslipidemia Treatment

    • Drug therapy (statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, niacin, ezetimibe, omega-3 fatty acids, lomitapide, PCSK9 inhibitors, apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotides, CETP inhibitors)
    • Lifestyle recommendations (diet, exercise, weight management).

    Atherosclerosis

    • A buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries, narrowing the blood vessels.
    • Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, the complex structures that play crucial roles in lipid transport in the body. This quiz covers their functions, types, and significance, including the roles of HDL, LDL, VLDL, and apolipoproteins. Dive in to discover how these components affect health and disease.

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