Lipids Overview and Quiz Series
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Questions and Answers

A lipid is any substance of biochemical origin that is

  • insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents (correct)
  • soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents
  • no correct response
  • soluble in both water and nonpolar solvents

    • Which of the following is not a biochemical function classification for lipids?

  • messenger lipid
  • no correct response (correct)
  • emulsification lipid
  • membrane lipid

    • The saponifiable/nonsaponifiable classification system for lipids is based on

  • ability of lipids to react with alcohols
  • lipid behavior in acidic solution
  • lipid behavior in basic solution (correct)
  • no correct response

    • Which of the following statements concerning fatty acids is correct?

    <p>They are rarely found in the free state in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following pairs of fatty acids are both members of the pair polyunsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>18:2 acid and 18:3 acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is an omega-6 fatty acid?

    <p>$CH_3(CH_2)_4 - CH=CH - (CH_2)_5 - COOH$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The double bond present in a monounsaturated fatty acid almost always

    <p>is in a cis-configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following pairs of fatty acids does the first listed acid have a greater water solubility than the second listed acid?

    <p>18:0 acid and 14:0 acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following pairs of fatty acids does the first listed acid have a lower melting point than the second listed acid?

    <p>16:0 acid and 16:1 acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many structural “subunits” are present in the block diagram for a triacylglycerol?

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ester linkages are present in a triacylglycerol molecule?

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different simple triglyceride molecules can be produced that include glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid as part of their structure?

    <p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic between fats and oils?

    <p>physical state at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsaturated fatty acid residues are structural components of

    <p>both fats and oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of human body response to dietary fat, which of the following is considered to be “good fat”?

    <p>polyunsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Current dietary recommendations for Americans, relative to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, include a recommended increase in

    <p>omega-3 fatty acid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linolenic acid and linoleic acid, the essential fatty acids, are, respectively,

    <p>18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One molecule of a fat or oil, upon complete hydrolysis, produces how many product molecules?

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triacylglycerol hydrolysis associated with the human digestive process most often produces which of the following?

    <p>glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the expected products when a fat undergoes saponification?

    <p>glycerol and fatty acid salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unwanted production of trans fats is associated with which of the following types of triacylglycerol reactions?

    <p>hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effect of partial hydrogenation of a fat or oil is which of the following?

    <p>decrease in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the oxidation of fats and oils, which structural part of the molecule is attacked by the oxidizing agent?

    <p>carbon-carbon double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on biological function, phospholipids are classified as

    <p>membrane lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of lipids contain both ester and amide linkages?

    <p>sphingophospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the molecule sphingosine is correct?

    <p>Two hydroxyl groups and one amino group are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the “head and two tails” structural model is applied to a glycerophospholipid, the two tails are

    <p>both fatty acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the “head and two tails” structural model is applied to a sphingophospholipid, the two tails are

    <p>the fatty acid residue and part of the sphingosine molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the “head and two tails” model for phospholipids

    <p>one tail is hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of structural building blocks present in a sphingoglycolipid in which a single monosaccharide unit is present is

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of linkages are always present in a sphingoglycolipid?

    <p>amide linkage and glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The “steroid nucleus” common to all steroid structures involves a fused-ring system that contains

    <p>four 6-membered rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of membrane lipids has a steroid structure?

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning cholesterol is correct?

    <p>An alcohol functional group is present in its structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exterior surface positions in a lipid bilayer are occupied by

    <p>hydrophilic entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polarity-based descriptions is correct for the interior of a lipid bilayer?

    <p>contains ‘nonpolar tails’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biochemical function for the cholesterol present in cell membranes is

    <p>regulate membrane fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires both the aid of proteins and the expenditure of cellular energy?

    <p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning bile acids is incorrect?

    <p>They are insoluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning structural characteristics of bile acids is correct?

    <p>More hydroxyl groups are present than in cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning steroid hormones is correct?

    <p>All of them are cholesterol derivatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct pairing of concepts?

    <p>male sex hormones and androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is associated with Na+/K+ balance in the human body?

    <p>aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic precursor for the production of most eicosanoids is

    <p>arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin reduces inflammation and fever by inhibiting the formation of which of the following types of messenger lipids?

    <p>prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of eicosanoids has a cyclopentane ring as a structural component?

    <p>prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many structural subunits are present in the ‘block diagram’ for a biological wax?

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functional groups is present in biological waxes?

    <p>ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of carbon chains present in the structures of biological waxes and mineral waxes are, respectively,

    <p>2 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following pairs of lipid types are both members of the pair classified as saponifiable lipids?

    <p>triacylglycerols and biological waxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ‘building blocks’ are present in the block diagram structure of a nonsaponifiable lipid?

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning bond breaking that occurs under saponification conditions is incorrect?

    <p>Glycosidic linkages are broken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning deoxyribonucleic acids is incorrect?

    <p>They are found in all parts of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements concerning ribonucleic acids is correct?

    <p>They are directly involved in the synthesis of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains

    <p>one pentose sugar, one heterocyclic base, and one phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different sugars and how many different heterocyclic bases are available, respectively, for incorporation into a nucleotide?

    <p>2 and 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different heterocyclic bases that are purine derivatives are available for incorporation into a nucleotide?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is present in nucleotides but not nucleosides?

    <p>phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect statement concerning the structural characteristics of a nucleotide?

    <p>The base subunit is bonded to the phosphate subunit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    LIPIDS

    • A lipid is any biochemical substance that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.
    • Lipids are classified as saponifiable or nonsaponifiable based on their behavior in acidic or basic solutions, or their ability to react with alcohols.
    • Biochemical functions of lipids include membrane lipids, messenger lipids, and emulsification lipids.

    QUIZ 1

    • Fatty acids are naturally occurring dicarboxylic acids that are rarely found in their free state in nature. They most often contain an even number of carbon atoms.

    QUIZ 2

    • 18:1 acid and 18:2 acid are examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    • Omega-6 fatty acids have a double bond at the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain. The cis configuration of the double bond is almost always present in monounsaturated fatty acids.

    QUIZ 3

    • The first listed fatty acid in a pair has a greater water solubility than the second listed acid if the first listed acid has a smaller number of carbon atoms.
    • The first listed fatty acid in a pair has a lower melting point than the second if the first listed acid contains fewer carbons or more double bonds.

    QUIZ 4

    • A triacylglycerol contains three structural subunits and three ester linkages.
    • Various simple triglyceride molecules can be produced from glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid.
    • Mixed triglyceride molecules can be produced from glycerol, stearic acid, and palmitic acid.

    QUIZ 5

    • Monounsaturated fats are considered "good fats" for human health.
    • Current dietary recommendations for Americans are to increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids relative to omega-6 fatty acids.
    • Linolenic acid and linoleic acid are essential fatty acids (18:3 and 18:2, respectively).

    QUIZ 6

    • Complete hydrolysis of a fat or oil produces three molecules.
    • Triacylglycerol hydrolysis in the human digestive system often produces diacylglycerol and/or monoacylglycerol.
    • Saponification of a fat produces glycerol and fatty acid salts.

    QUIZ 7

    • Phospholipids are classified as energy storage lipids, membrane lipids, and messenger lipids.

    QUIZ 8

    • Sphingoglycolipids contain both ester and amide linkages.
    • Sphingosine molecules contain two hydroxyl groups and one amino group.
    • Glycerophospholipids have two fatty acid residues and one phosphate group.
    • Sphingophospholipids have one fatty acid residue and part of the sphingosine molecule.

    NUCLEIC ACIDS

    • Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) are found in all parts of a cell and are involved in storing and transferring genetic information.
    • Ribonucleic acids (RNA) are involved in the synthesis of proteins.

    QUIZ 1

    • Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) are associated with storage and transfer of genetic information and are passed from existing cells to new cells during cell division.
    • Ribonucleic acids (RNA) are involved in protein synthesis and are passed from existing cells to new cells during cell division.

    QUIZ 2

    • A nucleotide contains one pentose sugar, one heterocyclic base, and one phosphate group.
    • There are 2 pentose sugars and 5 heterocyclic bases available for incorporation into nucleotides.
    • There are 2 purine derivatives available for incorporation into nucleotides.

    QUIZ 3

    • Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a heterocyclic base, and a pentose sugar.
    • DNA molecules contain 4 nucleotides.

    QUIZ 4

    • The primary structure of nucleic acid refers to the sequence of bases.
    • The backbone of a nucleic acid involves alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
    • The non-terminal phosphate group in a nucleic acid segment carries a 1-charge.
    • A terminal phosphate group is located at the 5' end of the segment.

    QUIZ 5

    • DNA is a double-stranded molecule with complementary base pairs that hold the two strands together.

    QUIZ 6

    • Replication of DNA forms two daughter molecules, each containing one parental strand and one new strand.
    • DNA replication initiates at various locations and unwinds the DNA double helix with DNA helicase.
    • New strands in DNA replication are synthesized in segments called Okazaki fragments.

    QUIZ 7

    • Protein synthesis starts with a phase called transcription; which produces RNA molecules.

    QUIZ 8

    • RNA molecules contain 4 bases, but differ from DNA molecules in being single stranded.

    QUIZ 9

    • The transcription phase of protein synthesis involves partial unwinding of DNA, uses one DNA strand as a template to synthesize RNA, and converts mRNA molecules to hnRNA molecules.

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    Description

    This quiz series covers the fundamental aspects of lipids, including their classification, functions, and specific types of fatty acids. Engage with questions on saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipids, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Test your knowledge on the biochemical roles and properties of these essential biomolecules.

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