Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of triacylglycerols in the body?
What is the term for a fatty acid with more than one double bond?
What is the main characteristic that defines a lipid?
What is the name of the fatty acid with a double bond between carbon 9 and 10?
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What is the term for a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body?
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What is the name of the ester formed from three fatty acids and glycerol?
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What is the primary role of bile acids in the body?
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What is the term for a fatty acid with no double bonds?
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What is the effect of a double bond in fatty acid chains?
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What is the function of the phosphate group in phospholipids?
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What is the main component of membranes?
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What is the function of the fatty acid tails in phospholipids?
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What is the name of the lipid that contains sphingosine and a single fatty acyl chain?
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What is the name of the lipid raft component that is present in high amounts with cholesterol?
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What is the name of the glycolipid that contains ceramide and oligosaccharide chains?
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What is the name of the phospholipid head group that contains inositol?
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Study Notes
Lipid Structures
- Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in fat and organic solvents
- Biological functions of lipids:
- Energy store (triacylglycerols)
- Precursors for vitamins and steroid hormones
- Bile acids
- Membrane structure
Fatty Acids
- Definition: Long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids
- Can be:
- Saturated (e.g., myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid)
- Unsaturated (e.g., oleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids)
- Δ symbol indicates the position of the double bond relative to the carboxylate group
- Presence of a double bond introduces a kink into the FA chain, reducing the ability of unsaturated FA to pack together
Triacylglycerols (Triacyclglycerols, TAG)
- Ester of three fatty acids and glycerol
- Stored in adipose tissue
- Function: Energy storage
Phospholipids
- Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-containing head group
- Major component of membranes
- Head group and phosphate are hydrophilic, while fatty acids are hydrophobic
- Phosphatidyl group consists of phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acid components
- Common head groups:
- Choline (Phosphatidylcholine, PC)
- Serine (Phosphatidylserine, PS)
- Ethanolamine (Phosphatidylethanolamine, PE)
- Inositol (Phosphatidylinositol, PI)
Glycolipids
- Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a head group containing sugars
- Specialized part of membranes
- Can have monosaccharide or oligosaccharide chains
- Terminal sugar is often sialic acid
Sphingolipids
- Lipids that replace glycerol with sphingosine
- Sphingosine and a single fatty acyl chain form a unit called ceramide
- Ceramide is found in:
- Some phospholipids (e.g., sphingomyelin, SPH)
- Some glycolipids (e.g., GM1 ganglioside)
- Ceramide has various oligosaccharide chains attached
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Description
Test your understanding of lipid structures, membrane composition, and the fluid mosaic model, including the characteristics of membrane proteins and their orientation.
