Lipids and Lipoproteins Overview

Lipids serve various functions, including energy storage, insulation, hormone production, and structural components of cell membranes.

Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids (mainly triglycerides) from the small intestine to the tissues.

<p>VLDL transports triglycerides from the liver to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LDL delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apo A-I is the major protein component of HDL and plays a crucial role in cholesterol transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse cholesterol transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is the process where dietary lipids are absorbed from the small intestine, primarily through the formation of chylomicrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This refers to the breakdown and transport of dietary lipids, starting with their absorption and involving the formation and breakdown of chylomicrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is the process where HDL removes excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transports it to the liver for excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. It significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis is the process of plaque buildup inside arteries, narrowing the arteries and reducing blood flow. This gradual process starts with damaged endothelium, where lipids accumulate, causing inflammation and attracting immune cells. This accumulation leads to plaque formation which can rupture, causing blood clots and potential heart attacks or strokes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A xanthoma is a yellowish skin lesion caused by a buildup of cholesterol or other lipids in the skin.They are often associated with high cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A micelle is a spherical structure formed by lipid molecules, with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Micelles are essential for lipid digestion and absorption in the gut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A plaque is a buildup of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other cellular debris in the artery wall, restricting blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyslipidemia refers to an abnormal lipid profile in the blood, characterized by high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperlipoproteinemia refers to an excess of lipoproteins (cholesterol or triglycerides) in the bloodstream, often leading to plaque buildup in arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteriosclerosis refers to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, often caused by the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis), leading to reduced blood flow and potential cardiovascular problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Friedewald formula is an equation used to estimate LDL cholesterol levels. It is calculated as: LDL = Total Cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5). Its limitations include: it is not accurate for individuals with high triglyceride levels (&gt;400 mg/dL) and may not be accurate for individuals with certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated as: Non-HDL = Total Cholesterol - HDL. It is a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it includes all cholesterol particles not associated with HDL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes of hyperlipoproteinemia include genetic predisposition, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms may include fatty deposits in the skin, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Laboratory tests show high levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. Causes include genetic predisposition, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms are often absent, but it increases the risk of developing heart disease. Laboratory tests reveal elevated LDL cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood. Causes include unhealthy diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and conditions like diabetes. Symptoms may include pancreatitis and fatty deposits in the skin. Lab tests show elevated triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combined hyperlipoproteinemia involves high levels of both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Causes include genetic predisposition, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms are often absent, but it significantly increases the risk of heart disease. Laboratory tests reveal elevated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers