Lipids and Emulsion Test

Monomers and Polymers

• Monomers are small molecules that can be joined together to form polymers.
• Monomers are joined together to form polymers through chemical reactions, resulting in a large molecule composed of many monomers.

Carbohydrates

• A condensation reaction forms a glycosidic bond to join monosaccharides together.
• A glucose molecule contains 6 carbon atoms.
• Alpha and beta glucose differ in the orientation of their hydroxyl group on carbon atom 1.

Respiration

• Glucose is the main substrate for respiration.

Lipids

• Glycolipids on the cell surface membrane serve as cell surface markers for cellular recognition.
• The presence of lipids can be detected using an emulsion test, which involves mixing the substance with water and observing the formation of a milky or cloudy solution.

Amino Acids and Proteins

• Amino acids contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
• Amino acids are joined together in proteins through peptide bonds.
• The structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of amino acids and the interactions between them.
• A peptide bond is formed between amino acids in a dipeptide through a condensation reaction.
• The function of a protein is ultimately determined by its 3D shape.
• Hydrogen bonds are easily broken by changes in pH and are weaker than disulfide bridges in proteins.
• The 3D shape of a protein is known as its conformation.
• The Biuret test can be used to detect the presence of peptide bonds in proteins.
• Enzymes are classified as globular proteins in terms of shape.
• Weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, lead to the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets in proteins.