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Questions and Answers
What is the primary constituent of cell membranes according to the text?
Which type of membrane lipid contains phosphate and constitutes about 65% of membrane phospholipids?
Which type of membrane lipid has an ether-linked fatty acid structure?
What type of backbone is associated with sphingolipids, which are less abundant membrane phospholipids?
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What is the charged group attached at position C3 of glycerol in glycerophospholipids?
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Which alcohol derivative is named for its head group in glycerophospholipids?
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In which glycerophospholipid, choline serves as the polar head group?
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$\text{Sphingolipids}$ are described as membrane phospholipids that are NOT derived from which compound?
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What is the primary function of glycosphingolipids in membrane lipids?
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Which type of membrane lipid is known for having a negative charge at pH 7?
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How do glycosphingolipids help distinguish blood groups?
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Which lipid type has an ether-linked fatty acid structure in membranes?
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What is the characteristic contribution of glycolipids to membrane lipids?
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Which membrane lipid type is abundant in myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells?
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What percentage of membrane lipids do glycolipids typically comprise?
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What distinguishes glycosphingolipids from phospholipids in terms of their head groups?
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What role does sugar play in glycosphingolipids compared to phospholipids?
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Which lipid type contributes to approximately 25% of eukaryotic membrane composition?
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Study Notes
Lipids
Storage Lipids (10.1)
- Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are derivatives of glycerol.
- Each TAG has 3 fatty acids attached and is insoluble in water.
- TAGs act as energy reserves and are stored in adipose (fatty) tissue (animals) and seeds and fruit (plants).
Structural Lipids in Membrane (10.2)
- There are 4 general types of membrane lipids (polar): phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, and ether lipids.
- Phospholipids contain phosphate (~65% of membrane phospholipid) and are primary constituents of cell membranes.
- Glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides) have a glycerol backbone and are the most abundant type of phospholipid (~2/3 of membrane phospholipid).
- Sphingolipids have a sphingosine backbone and are less abundant (~1/3 of membrane phospholipid).
Phospholipids
- General structure: C1, C2, and C3 are hydroxyl groups of glycerol, and X is the head group.
- Phosphatidylcholine is a major cell membrane glycerophospholipid.
Sphingolipids
- Sphingolipids are membrane phospholipids NOT derived from glycerol.
- Sphingomyelin is abundant in myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cells in animals.
- Sphingolipids distinguish blood groups by the type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids on outer membrane of red blood cells.
Glycolipids
- Glycolipids contain one or more sugar residues (~10% of membrane lipid).
- Sugar group increases polarity and serves the same purpose as the phosphate group in phospholipids.
- Glycosphingolipids determine blood groups.
Ether Lipids
- Ether lipids have ether linked fatty acids.
- Cholesterol is an important component of eukaryotic cell membranes (~25%).
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons.
- Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated.
- Melting point decreases as the number of double bonds increases.
- Consuming trans fats increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Triacylglycerols
- Triacylglycerols are derivatives of glycerol with three fatty acids attached.
- Each triacylglycerol has three fatty acids attached and is insoluble in water.
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Description
Test your knowledge on lipid structures and classifications. This quiz covers topics such as triacylglycerol structure, membrane lipids, fatty acids, and different types of lipids. Get ready to describe and draw various lipid structures!
