28 Questions
What is the definition of a simple lipid?
Lipids formed of fatty acids and fatty alcohols
What is the importance of glycerol in the treatment of coronary heart disease?
Glycerol acts as a vasodilator
What is the chemical reaction that occurs when a simple lipid is formed?
Fatty acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
Which of the following is an example of a simple lipid?
Triglycerides
What is the importance of glycerol in the treatment of glaucoma?
Glycerol can dehydrate tissue due to its water content
What is the main reason we study lipids?
To serve as a source of energy
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
Solubility in nonpolar organic solvents
What is the biological importance of lipids primarily related to?
Energy storage
Considering the patient's symptoms described, which lipid function is most likely affected?
Energy storage in adipose tissue
Which solvent would be most suitable for dissolving lipids?
Ethanol
Which component is NOT present in the structure of lipoproteins?
Glucose
Which of the following is an example of a monounsaturated fatty acid?
Oleic acid
What distinguishes essential fatty acids from other fatty acids?
They must be obtained from the diet.
Which of the following is a compound lipid?
Phospholipid
What is the primary function of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the human body?
Growth and development
Which of the following fatty acids has the most double bonds?
Arachidonic acid
Which component is NOT present in the structure of phospholipids?
Glucose
Which of the following is the nitrogenous base present in lecithin?
Choline
What is the primary function of phospholipids in the body?
To form the structure of cell membranes
Which lipid component is present in the structure of glycolipids?
Sphingosine
What is the primary function of glycolipids in the body?
To act as electric insulators of nerve impulses
What is the defining characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
It has no double bonds between carbon atoms.
What is the main function of chylomicrons?
Transport exogenous dietary triglycerides from the small intestine to tissues
Which of the following is NOT a type of lipoprotein?
Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
Which lipoprotein is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport?
HDL
What is the primary function of LDL?
Transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues
Which of the following is a derived lipid?
Fatty acid
Which of the following is NOT a derived lipid related to steroids?
Triglycerides
Study Notes
Fatty Acids (FAs)
- A fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms
- Hydrogen atoms are present along the length of the chain and at one end (omega end)
- Carboxyl group (―COOH) is present at the other end (carboxylic end)
- Classification of FAs:
- Saturated FAs: no double bond
- Unsaturated FAs: presence of double bond
- Monounsaturated FAs: contains 1 double bond
- Poly-Unsaturated FA (PUFA): contains more than 1 double bond
- Examples of FAs:
- Saturated FAs: acetic acid (2C), butyric acid (4C), palmitic acid (16C), stearic acid (18C)
- Unsaturated FAs: oleic acid (18C+ 1 double bond)
- PUFA: linoleic acid (18C+ 2 double bonds), linolenic acid (18C+ 3 double bonds), arachidonic acid (20C+ 4 double bonds)
Compound Lipids
- Definition: lipids conjugated with non-lipid groups
- Types of compound lipids:
- Phospholipids (PLs): lipid part + phosphoric acid
- Glycolipids: lipid part + carbohydrate
- Sulpholipids
- Lipoproteins: lipid part + protein
Phospholipids (PLs)
- Structure: lipid part (fatty acid + glycerol) + phosphoric acid + nitrogenous base
- Nitrogenous bases:
- Choline
- Ethanolamine/serine
- Functions of PLs:
- In cell membrane
- Blood coagulation
- Lipotropic factor (prevent lipid accumulation in the liver)
- Lung surfactant (preventing lung collapse)
Glycolipids
- Structure: lipid part (fatty acid) + carbohydrate
- Function: act as electric insulators of nerve impulses in nervous tissues
Lipoproteins
- Structure: lipid part (phospholipid, cholesterol, triglyceride) + protein (apoprotein)
- Functions of lipoproteins:
- Cell membrane structure
- Lipid transport in the blood
- Types of lipoproteins:
- Chylomicrons (CM)
- Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Derived Lipids
- Definition: compounds derived from simple lipids and compound lipids by hydrolysis
- Types of derived lipids:
- Fatty acids
- Glycerol
- Cholesterol
- Steroid hormones (sex hormones)
- Vitamin D
- Bile acids and salts
Test your understanding of lipid chemistry by defining lipids, summarizing their biological importance, classifying them, and describing the structure and function of fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. Apply your knowledge to a clinical case scenario involving a 57-year-old male patient with chest pain.
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