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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe a grouping of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants?
What is the term used to describe a grouping of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants?
In a cladogram, what is the term used to describe the most distantly related species that serves as a reference group?
In a cladogram, what is the term used to describe the most distantly related species that serves as a reference group?
Which of the following is NOT a type of character used in constructing a cladogram?
Which of the following is NOT a type of character used in constructing a cladogram?
Which of the following is the best way to determine the evolutionary relationships among a group of mammals based on molecular data?
Which of the following is the best way to determine the evolutionary relationships among a group of mammals based on molecular data?
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Which of the following is the correct definition of a paraphyletic grouping?
Which of the following is the correct definition of a paraphyletic grouping?
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What is the term used to describe a grouping of organisms that have no recent common ancestor?
What is the term used to describe a grouping of organisms that have no recent common ancestor?
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What is the primary purpose of a dichotomous key?
What is the primary purpose of a dichotomous key?
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Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic levels from most inclusive to least inclusive?
Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic levels from most inclusive to least inclusive?
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Who devised the hierarchical classification scheme and binomial nomenclature system?
Who devised the hierarchical classification scheme and binomial nomenclature system?
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Which of the following is the primary purpose of cladistics?
Which of the following is the primary purpose of cladistics?
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Which of the following is not one of the three domains in the Linnaean classification system?
Which of the following is not one of the three domains in the Linnaean classification system?
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What is the primary purpose of a phylogenetic tree?
What is the primary purpose of a phylogenetic tree?
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In a population of butterflies, the allele for the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). If 60% of all butterflies are heterozygous, what is the percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in the population?
In a population of butterflies, the allele for the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). If 60% of all butterflies are heterozygous, what is the percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in the population?
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If 18% of a population of laboratory mice are homozygous dominant for a certain trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?
If 18% of a population of laboratory mice are homozygous dominant for a certain trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?
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Considering the allele for a widow's peak is dominant over the allele for a straight hairline, if 70 individuals are expected to be heterozygous, how many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant for the trait in a population of 300?
Considering the allele for a widow's peak is dominant over the allele for a straight hairline, if 70 individuals are expected to be heterozygous, how many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant for the trait in a population of 300?
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If 20% of a population exhibit the recessive phenotype for a certain trait, how many individuals in a population of 500 would you expect to be homozygous recessive?
If 20% of a population exhibit the recessive phenotype for a certain trait, how many individuals in a population of 500 would you expect to be homozygous recessive?
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Given that 45% of a population of butterflies are homozygous dominant, what percentage of butterflies are expected to be heterozygous?
Given that 45% of a population of butterflies are homozygous dominant, what percentage of butterflies are expected to be heterozygous?
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In a large population of laboratory mice, if 28% are heterozygous for a certain trait, what percentage of mice would you expect to exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype?
In a large population of laboratory mice, if 28% are heterozygous for a certain trait, what percentage of mice would you expect to exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Phylogenetics
- A monophyletic group includes organisms sharing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
- The outgroup in a cladogram refers to the most distantly related species used as a reference point.
- Homologous characters are typically used to construct a cladogram, while convergent traits are not.
Evolutionary Relationships
- To determine evolutionary relationships among mammals, molecular data analysis, such as DNA sequencing, is best.
- A paraphyletic grouping contains a common ancestor but excludes one or more descendants.
- A polyphyletic group consists of organisms with no recent common ancestor.
Classification and Identification
- The primary purpose of a dichotomous key is to aid in the identification of organisms based on a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name.
- Taxonomic levels are ordered from most inclusive to least inclusive as: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- Carl Linnaeus devised the hierarchical classification scheme and binomial nomenclature system.
- The primary purpose of cladistics is to classify organisms based on shared derived characteristics.
Domains and Phylogenetic Trees
- The three domains in the Linnaean classification system are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya; Viruses are not included.
- A phylogenetic tree visually represents evolutionary relationships and helps understand the history of species divergence.
Population Genetics
- In butterflies, with brown (B) dominant over white (b), if 60% are heterozygous (Bb), the percentage of homozygous dominant (BB) can be found using Hardy-Weinberg principles.
- If 18% of laboratory mice are homozygous dominant (AA), the heterozygous (Aa) percentage can be calculated as 64% using Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
- In a population of 300 with a widow's peak (dominant), if 70 are expected to be heterozygous (Ww), approximately 30 individuals are expected to be homozygous dominant (WW).
- For a trait with 20% recessive phenotype in a population of 500, 100 individuals are expected to be homozygous recessive (bb).
- If 45% of butterflies are homozygous dominant (BB), around 50% would be heterozygous (Bb) using Hardy-Weinberg calculations.
- In a population where 28% of laboratory mice are heterozygous (Aa), around 22% would be expected to exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype (aa).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Linnaean System of Classification devised by Carolus Linnaeus and the taxonomic levels used in biology. Learn about the hierarchy of categories from domain to species, and how organisms are grouped based on similarities and differences.
