10 Questions
What is the term used to describe the character of transition from a vowel to a consonant?
checkedness
What is the classification of vowels based on the lip position?
Rounded or unrounded
What is the term used to describe vowels that are pronounced with the lips drawn together?
Labialized
What is the classification of vowels based on their length?
Long or short
What is the term used to describe long vowels?
Tense
What is the term used to describe short vowels?
Lax
What is the term used to describe the quality of a vowel that is dependent on the character of transition from a vowel to a consonant?
Checkedness
What is the classification of the vowel [ɜ:]?
Long and tense
What is the term used to describe the modification of sounds in connected speech?
Modification of sounds
What is the term used to describe the study of the production and modification of sounds in speech?
Theoretical phonetics
Study Notes
Definition and Nature of Word Accent
- Stress is an increase of energy accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity (V.A. Bogoroditsky)
- Stress is a degree of force accompanied by a strong exhalation and gives an impression of loudness (D. Jones)
- Stress is affected by inherent sonority, vowel and consonant length, and intonation (D. Jones)
- Stress is closely connected with the force of breath (H.S. Sweet)
- Stress is accompanied by pitch changes in the voice, quality and quantity of the accented sounds (A.C. Gimson)
- Word stress can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in a word, accompanied by a change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound (Leontyeva)
Accent vs Stress
- Accent generally refers to the pitch component of syllable prominence
- Stress is a more general term and includes pitch and other components of syllable prominence (loudness, length, and quality)
Components of English Word Stress
- Loudness
- Pitch
- Length
- Vowel quality
Connection with Grammar through Intonation
- Intonation can serve to single out the logical predicate of the sentence
- Intonation adds implicative meaning to the sentence
- Intonation can transform an affirmative sentence into an interrogative one
Connection with Lexicology
- Stress can distinguish between certain nouns from verbs (formed by conversion)
- Harmographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation, because they are identical in spelling
Theoretical Significance of Phonetics
- Synchronic study and description of the phonetic system of a national language
- Comparative analysis and description of different languages and the study of the correspondences between them
- Diachronic description of successive changes in the phonetic system of a language or different languages
Practical Significance of Phonetics
- Teaching foreign languages
- Methods of speech correction
- Teaching deaf-mutes
- Film doubling
- Transliteration
- Radio and telephone
The System of English Phonemes
- Active speech organs:
- Lips (upper & lower)
- Tongue (tip, front, center, back)
- Soft palate (velum)
- Uvula
- Vocal cords
- Passive speech organs:
- Upper teeth
- Alveolar ridge
- Hard palate
Classification of Consonants
- According to the force of articulation and the work of the vocal cords (voiced-voiceless characteristic)
- According to the degree of noise and the type of obstruction (occlusive, constrictive)
- According to the active speech organ and place of articulation
- According to the position of the soft palate
Classification of Vowels
- According to lip position (unrounded, rounded)
- According to the character of the vowel end (checked, free)
- According to length (long, short)
- According to tenseness (tense, lax)
Modifications of Sounds in Connected Speech
- Types of sound modifications
- Modifications of consonants
- Modifications of vowels
Definitions of stress in linguistics by various scholars, including V.A.Bogoroditsky, D.Jones, H.Sweet, and A.C.Gimson.
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