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Questions and Answers
What is the term for creating a word from scratch?
What is the term for creating a word from scratch?
Which type of affix is attached to the beginning of a stem?
Which type of affix is attached to the beginning of a stem?
What distinguishes derivational affixes from inflectional affixes?
What distinguishes derivational affixes from inflectional affixes?
Which of the following is an example of truncation?
Which of the following is an example of truncation?
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Which of the following describes allomorphy?
Which of the following describes allomorphy?
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What are bound morphemes?
What are bound morphemes?
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Which of the following is an example of a compound word?
Which of the following is an example of a compound word?
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What does productivity in morphology refer to?
What does productivity in morphology refer to?
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What does the Maxim of Quantity suggest in a conversation?
What does the Maxim of Quantity suggest in a conversation?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sound change?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sound change?
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How can we reconstruct historical languages?
How can we reconstruct historical languages?
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What is a key characteristic of regular languages in the Chomsky Hierarchy?
What is a key characteristic of regular languages in the Chomsky Hierarchy?
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What does smoothing refer to in the context of linguistics?
What does smoothing refer to in the context of linguistics?
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Which statement reflects a potential outcome of semantic/lexical change?
Which statement reflects a potential outcome of semantic/lexical change?
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What is the purpose of a bigram model in computational linguistics?
What is the purpose of a bigram model in computational linguistics?
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What often facilitates language change among speech communities?
What often facilitates language change among speech communities?
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Which type of 'ass test' refers to a criminal with prior claims of guilt?
Which type of 'ass test' refers to a criminal with prior claims of guilt?
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What does the notation P → Q express in entailment?
What does the notation P → Q express in entailment?
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What is a hallmark of an expression considered deictic?
What is a hallmark of an expression considered deictic?
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Which of the following tests is considered a rough indicator for presupposition?
Which of the following tests is considered a rough indicator for presupposition?
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What is the best definition of logical equivalence in the context of propositions?
What is the best definition of logical equivalence in the context of propositions?
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Which of the following expressions illustrates an (in)felicitous utterance?
Which of the following expressions illustrates an (in)felicitous utterance?
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What guarantees that the truth of proposition P ensures the truth of proposition Q?
What guarantees that the truth of proposition P ensures the truth of proposition Q?
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Which of the following statements represents a sticky entailment?
Which of the following statements represents a sticky entailment?
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What does backformation refer to in linguistics?
What does backformation refer to in linguistics?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for testing constituency?
Which of the following is NOT a method for testing constituency?
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In the context of syntax, what does the term 'complement' refer to?
In the context of syntax, what does the term 'complement' refer to?
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Which of the following is a sign of grammaticality in a sentence?
Which of the following is a sign of grammaticality in a sentence?
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What does the Principle of Compositionality state?
What does the Principle of Compositionality state?
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How can you determine if a word is a noun?
How can you determine if a word is a noun?
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What is the role of 'arguments' in co-occurrence?
What is the role of 'arguments' in co-occurrence?
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Which of the following correctly defines a 'constituent' in a sentence?
Which of the following correctly defines a 'constituent' in a sentence?
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What differentiates adjuncts from arguments in a sentence?
What differentiates adjuncts from arguments in a sentence?
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Which of the following best describes the role of a determiner in a noun phrase?
Which of the following best describes the role of a determiner in a noun phrase?
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What is the primary difference between lexical and compositional semantics?
What is the primary difference between lexical and compositional semantics?
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Which of the following statements about sense and reference is accurate?
Which of the following statements about sense and reference is accurate?
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Which category of adjectives does not have a clear denotation independent of the nouns they modify?
Which category of adjectives does not have a clear denotation independent of the nouns they modify?
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What type of adjectives may not occur as predicates due to their non-standard relationship with nouns?
What type of adjectives may not occur as predicates due to their non-standard relationship with nouns?
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What constitutes the 'bare bones' of a sentence according to syntactic rules?
What constitutes the 'bare bones' of a sentence according to syntactic rules?
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What structure can a prepositional phrase (PP) serve in a sentence?
What structure can a prepositional phrase (PP) serve in a sentence?
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Study Notes
Morphology
- Morphology: Study of words and their internal structure. Words originate from coinage, borrowing, or combining elements.
- Lexicon: Mental list of words and their properties.
- Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit (grammatical function).
- Affixes: Morphemes attached to stems (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes).
- Stem: Base form to which affixes attach.
- Root: Stem that cannot be broken down further.
- Derivational Affixes: Create new words with different meanings or parts of speech.
- Inflectional Affixes: Indicate grammatical roles (plural/past tense) without changing basic meaning.
- Content Morphemes: Carry core meaning.
- Function Morphemes: Grammatical in nature.
- Bound Morphemes: Cannot occur in isolation.
- Free Morphemes: Can occur in isolation.
- Allomorphy: Variations in morpheme form due to context.
- Productivity: Degree to which morphemes combine with new stems.
- Reduplication: Repeating parts of a word (intensification, repetition, plurality).
- Compounding: Combining two or more stems to form a new word.
- Blends: Combining parts of words (portmanteau words).
- Truncation (clipping): Shortening words.
- Conversion: Assigning an existing word to a new syntactic category.
- Backformation: Deriving a new stem from a seemingly complex word.
Syntax
- Grammaticality: Well-formedness of sentences (acceptability).
- Compositionality: Sentence meaning derived from its parts and how they combine.
- Constituents: Groups of elements functioning as a unit.
- Constituency Tests: Methods to identify constituents (substitution, displacement, coordination, fragments).
- Lexical Categories: Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.).
- Syntactic Categories: Phrasal level categories (NP, VP, PP).
- Co-occurrence: Relationship between elements (obligatory vs. optional).
- Arguments: Required constituents for a specific word or phrase.
- Complements: Specific elements required or allowed by something else.
- Adjuncts: Optional phrases/clauses that modify.
- Agreement: Corresponding morphology in expressions.
- Major Syntactic Categories: Sentence (S), Noun Phrase (NP), Determiner (Det), Adjective (Adj), Verb Phrase (VP), Transitive Verb (TV), Ditransitive Verb (DTV), Sentential Complement Verb (SCV), Adverb (Adv), Preposition (P), Prepositional Phrase (PP).
- Adjective Types: Subsective, Intersective, Relative.
Semantics
- Sense: Mental representation of meaning.
- Reference: Set of referents an expression denotes.
- Sense vs Reference: Relationships between how we think about something and the set of entities it represents in reality.
- Lexical Compositional: Meaning of phrases determined by parts.
- Adjective Types: Intersective, subsective.
- Truth Values/Truth Conditions: Relationship between the meaning components and truth.
- Entailment: One proposition guarantees the truth of another.
- Contradiction: Two propositions cannot both be true.
- Logical Equivalence: Mutual entailment.
Pragmatics
- Pragmatics: Semantic meaning interacting with context.
- Utterance vs. Sentence: Difference between string of words and its conversational use.
- Context-Dependent Expressions (Indexical Expressions): Pronouns, locations, and times.
- Felicity: Appropriateness of an utterance in a context.
- Presupposition: Assumed information in a conversation.
- Cooperative Principle: Principle for making conversations smooth.
- Conversational Maxims: Guidelines for polite and effective conversations.
- Implicatures: Messages indirectly communicated (implied).
- Speaker meaning vs sentence meaning: Difference between what an utterance is meant to convey and what the words themselves would suggest.
Historical Linguistics
- Diachronic Linguistics: Study of language change over time.
- Language change causes: Transmission errors, internal variation, and external influences.
- Sound change types: Realization shifts, mergers, and development of new sounds.
- Regular Sound Change: consistent pattern in change.
Computational Linguistics
- Computational Linguistics Goal: Assign probabilities to language input/output, or individual tokens.
- Language Models: Assign probabilities to language inputs/outputs.
- Bigram Model: Predicts the frequency of words based on preceding word.
- Trigram Model: Predicts based on two preceding words.
- Probabilities and Conditional Probabilities: Numerical representation of how likely something is to occur in a system.
- Algorithms: Computational methods to process and analyze language.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in morphology and language change with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as affixes, compound words, sound change, and how languages evolve. Perfect for students studying linguistics and related fields.