Linguistics & Predicates Quiz

Semantics Second Year First Term

• The course covers semantics
• Special thanks to Jenin Mahmoud Nasrat Murad and Rahma Taha Mohamed Hamed.

Lecture 1

• Reference and denotation are parts of word meaning.
• Reference is a semantic term referring to an entity, like an object or state of affairs.
• Denotation is equivalent to reference.
• Sense is contrasted with reference, explaining meaning.
• Sense relations are linguistic relationships, like synonyms, antonyms, and collocations.

Lecture 2

• The term "meaning" has various meanings, including intend, refer, and understand.
• Sentences illustrate different meanings of "to mean" and "meaning."
• "Sentence meaning" can differ from "speaker meaning".

Lecture 3

• Semantic knowledge is stored in the lexicon.
• Productivity in word meaning, allowing new words.
• Sentence meaning is determined compositionally.

Lecture 4

• Word meaning and sentence meaning are discussed.
• Function words (prepositions, conjunctions) also carry meaning.
• Sentence meaning is determined by word meaning and relationships between them.

Lecture 5

• Utterances convey content in a particular context with an intention.
• The utterances differ in context.
• The same sentence can have different meanings in different contexts.

Lecture 6

• Logical words are consistent in meaning
• Semantic relations tend to hold within groups of similar kinds of words.
• Syntagmatic relations are the relationships between words or phrases.
• Paradigmatic relations are relationships between a word and words used instead of it.

Lecture 7

• Several meanings are linked to a word.
• Propositional meaning is the basic meaning of a sentence.
• Propositions contain an argument or entity, and an assertion or predication.

Lecture 8

• Conceptual meaning is the relationship between words and the world.
• Connotative meaning is how people feel about things, or the emotional connection to a word.
• Collocative meaning is the meaning of words combined together regularly.
• Associative meaning is a collection of connotations related to a word.
• Thematic meaning is the initial subject in a sentence.

Lecture 9

• The units of language, words, sentences, and utterances, have meaning in context.
• Sentences have meanings in context (circumstances of utterance).
• The meaning depends on the circumstances of utterance as well as the sentence itself.

Lecture 10

• Discusses the relationships and differences between word meaning, sentence meaning, and utterance meaning.
• Explains how these meanings all relate to one another.

Lecture 11

• Discusses units of language, specifically words, sentences, and utterances.

Lecture 12

• Explains the unit of language, particularly how words, phrases and sentences convey meaning
• Discusses speakers meaning, and how speaker intention changes the outcome of a message.
• Discusses the idea of meaning as part of language as a whole.

Lecture 13

• Explains what Propositions are.
• Highlights that propositions are ideas in our minds, and are not dependent on language

Lecture 14

• Explains how reference in language and senses in language are different.
• Clarifies the difference between sense and reference of a word.
• Discusses words in a sentence and how those words relate to one another to create meaning.

Lecture 15

• Provides examples of various types of referring expressions.
• Explains how the same expression can have different meanings depending on context.
• Includes examples of the different contexts to explain how their meanings are changed.

Lecture 16

• Explains the concept of opaque contexts.
• Explains some examples of contexts where multiple meanings can be derived from one expression.
• Includes examples on how different contexts affect whether words or phrases are referring expressions or not.

Lecture 17

• Includes examples of words and phrases that are used to represent different contexts
• Explains the nature of predicate, sentence types and their meanings
• Explains the types of predicates like one place predicates, two-place predicates and three-place predicates together with examples.

Lecture 18

• Defines predicate, and elaborates on the differences between predicate and predicator
• Includes examples of predicates like verb predicates
• Explains that predicates in a sentence can be verbs or verb phrases

Lecture 19

• Discusses linking verbs and their role in sentences.
• Includes examples of linking verbs connecting predicate nominatives to subjects.

Lecture 20

• Explains that some expressions are always referring expressions.
• Some expressions are never referring expressions
• Expands on what a proper noun, pronoun and longer descriptive expressions are.

Lecture 21

• Discusses generic sentence type: sentences describing an entire class of individuals.
• Examples of generic sentences are used.
• Covers the universe of discourse, the context of the conversation

Lecture 22

• Summarizes different types of sentences, contexts, speakers intents and language characteristics
• Covers the role of context on successful communication
• Discusses the importance of same language, and differing language.

Lecture 23

• Presents questions that require students to identify collocative, associative meanings etc. for given words
• Includes questions concerning the meaning of specific words or expressions in different contexts or situations
• Provides examples and instructions for answering questions

Lecture 24

• Contains a list of questions asking students to complete the missing part of an existing sentence to correctly reflect a specific type of meaning.
• Includes different contexts of meaning, for example, collocative meanings and associative meanings, to improve and expand student vocabulary
• Includes questions dealing with different types of meaning.