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Ideas can sleep and are capable of being green.
False
Glosses are intended to help readers follow the relationship between the source text and its translation.
True
Linguists need to speak a foreign language to understand the data effectively.
False
Fluent speakers of a language possess grammatical knowledge that includes forming sentences.
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The ability to interpret utterances is not a skill included within grammatical knowledge of syntax.
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Nouns and verbs are the only types of sentences fluent speakers can form.
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Grammaticality and acceptability of utterances can be judged intuitively.
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The sentence 'He not understands the work' is an example of a grammatical utterance.
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An idiomatic English translation should be presented in italics.
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The functional category T projects an intermediate phrasal constituent.
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Only one constituent is involved in each merger according to the binarity principle.
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The past tense feature comes from the subject of the sentence.
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The binarity principle states that every syntactic structure is binary branching.
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The maximal projection of T is referred to as TP.
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The mergers consist of three components: D + N, V + NP, and T + VP.
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An ungrammatical sentence contains morphological or syntactic errors.
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Content words include only verbs and adverbs.
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An acceptable sentence is one that is grammatical and semantically well-formed.
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All sentences found in human languages can contain nouns and verbs.
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A grammatical sentence is indicated with an asterisk (*).
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Example 2 provides useful learning insights for non-Japanese speakers.
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Grammatical knowledge of a speaker may be implicit.
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An unacceptable sentence can still be grammatical.
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Adjective is not considered a content word.
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The term 'square circle' is an example of a grammatical sentence.
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In a prepositional phrase (PP), the head always occurs after the complement.
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A noun phrase (NP) typically contains a determiner and a noun.
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The head of a PP in a postpositional phrase occurs before the complement.
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The term 'determiner' encompasses articles, demonstrative pronouns, and quantifiers.
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In the example 'Ada is at the station', the head 'at' is a noun.
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In the NP 'the purple elephant', 'purple' is classified as a verb.
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The phrase 'from the beach' illustrates a postpositional phrase.
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Head constituents can include both nouns and verbs.
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In a noun phrase, the head is always the first word.
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The complement of a prepositional phrase is always a noun phrase.
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In English, the head of a verb phrase (VP) is always placed after its complement.
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Content questions can be formed using question words.
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The WH-parameter indicates that the question word is always moved to the front of the sentence.
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Syntactic derivation in sentence formation begins with numbering.
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The sentence 'He likely will come back tomorrow' has overt subjects.
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A content question is formed without using specific question words.
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The phrase 'Cén fear an bhfaigheann tú an t-airgead uaidh?' is an example of a content question in Irish.
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The head position in language X is irrelevant to its syntactic structure.
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The term 'head' in linguistics refers to a key component of a phrase that can stand alone.
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An example of a content question in English is 'What he told you?'
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Study Notes
Glossing
- Glosses provide a literal, word-for-word translation of the source text.
- The goal is to make the text accessible to linguists who don't speak the original language.
- Glossing helps track the relationship between the source text and its English translation.
Grammaticality and Acceptability
- A grammatical sentence is free of morphological or syntactic errors.
- An ungrammatical sentence, marked with an asterisk (*), is automatically unacceptable.
- An acceptable sentence is both grammatical and semantically well-formed.
Content Words
- Words with descriptive content are considered content words.
- Content words include:
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Phrasal complements
Noun Phrases (NP)
- Typically consist of a determiner and a noun.
- Determiners can be articles, demonstrative pronouns (this, these), and quantifiers.
- The head of an NP is the noun.
Verb Phrases (VP)
- The head of a VP is a verb.
- A VP can occur before its noun phrase.
Head Principle
- Every phrase contains an obligatory head element that can be optionally merged with a complement.
- The head of a VP is always a verb.
- The head-position parameter determines whether the head occurs before or after its complement.
WH-Principle
- Content questions are formed using question words.
- The WH-parameter determines whether the question word/phrase is moved to the front of the sentence or remains in its original position (in situ).
Syntactic Derivation & Branching
- The process of forming a sentence is called syntactic derivation.
- Syntactic derivation begins with numeration, the selection of items from the lexicon.
- Every syntactic structure is binary branching, meaning each step in the derivation involves only two constituents.
Extended Projection Principle
- Functional categories, like T (tense), project an intermediate phrasal constituent.
- The T' (T-bar) sits between the T head and its maximal projection TP.
- The TP dominates the subject, which functions as the specifier of T.
- The complement of T is the VP.
- This structure ensures binary branching.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in linguistics, including glossing, grammaticality, and the structure of noun and verb phrases. This quiz challenges your understanding of how these elements function in language analysis.
