Language and Communication (all notes)

<p>The number of new words decreases as the text length increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to connect words to their meanings after a single or few exposures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zipf's Law of Brevity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dog (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derivational morphemes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin's Law of Evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure for languages to become more efficient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex grammatical structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are speech-like sounds that are not directly tied to emotional states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babbling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imperative pointing is used to request something, while declarative is used to share information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants pointed to hidden objects to inform the experimenter of their location, demonstrating an understanding that pointing can be used to share information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overgeneralization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children can invent language from scratch, demonstrating an innate capacity for language development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gesture is a uniquely human form of communication that bridges the gap between nonverbal and spoken language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooing is restricted to vowel-like sounds, while babbling involves consonant-vowel combinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants rapidly acquire new words, at a rate of about 50-100 per month, after they reach a vocabulary of around 50 words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of different gestures used by infants at 14 months predicts their vocabulary size at 42 and 54 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child saying 'goed' instead of 'went'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The critical period refers to a time of peak sensitivity to language learning, after which the ability to acquire language becomes more difficult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NSL shows that children can create complex communication systems with intricate grammar and syntax, even without exposure to an existing language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast mapping provides an initial understanding of a word's meaning, but it might be incomplete, while slow mapping refines that understanding through repeated exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New words refer to novel objects, even if they are similar to familiar objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phonetic assumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children consistently use shape to categorize objects, even when color or texture differs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children apply the principle of mutual exclusivity when learning new words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over-apply regular grammar rules to irregular words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a direct physical influence on something. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children assume that new words refer to categories of objects that share similar characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While it helps children learn new words quickly, it can lead them to ignore details about specific parts of objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>{&quot;A&quot;: &quot;I eated my dinner.&quot;, &quot;B&quot;: &quot;The cat sleeped on the bed.&quot;, &quot;C&quot;: &quot;I goed to the store.&quot;, &quot;D&quot;: &quot;He runned away.&quot;} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The existence of patterns in both the sounds and the meanings of language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grimm's Law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps children quickly learn new words based on their shape rather than their color or texture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study how children apply the principle of mutual exclusivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can prevent children from learning the names of specific parts of objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrate how children learn language through a process of trial and error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies the child's understanding that pointing can be used to share information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can understand pointing as a method to inform others about the location of an object. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prove that language can develop in isolation, even without exposure to standard languages or sign languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights how a community's interaction and innovation can lead to the creation of a new language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show remarkable uniformity across geographically dispersed families. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Home signs are restricted to specific families, whereas sign languages are used by entire communities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most adults are already influenced by language, making it hard to isolate other factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They operate independently but influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to communicate without relying solely on sound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates that language can be created and developed by a community through continuous interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of Spanish as the dominant spoken language in the community. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is modality-independent, existing across sensory modalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most humans have been exposed to language from a young age, making it difficult to isolate its impact on thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages are shaped by interactions within a community and shared experiences across generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Home signs show that language can develop without exposure to existing languages, suggesting an innate human capacity for language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is a product of social interaction and shared experiences within a community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sender, Message, Receiver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptationist view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auditory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language uses symbols governed by rules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can convey specific meanings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps reduce uncertainty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An open and generative framework (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morpheme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The meaning of linguistic units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12-85 phonemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the social context of communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language that can be expressed through various forms including speech and gesture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graphic design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words with similar spelling but different meanings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to trace the roots of language without fossil evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inuits have many words for snow, which may influence their conceptualization of it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have no specific words for time, leading to a unique perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their language restricts them to vague terms like 'many' and 'lots'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lacking color labels can inhibit one's ability to categorize colors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>English speakers were more sensitive to color variations near word boundaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different languages shape distinct thought processes and worldviews. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks substantial evidence and relies heavily on anecdotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrate universal characteristics across different cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language shapes thoughts but also reflects pre-existing ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show basic color categorization independent of language capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans can learn to produce new sounds and vocally imitate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chimpanzees grunting when they see a predator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chimps can modify their vocalizations influenced by social integration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax in bonobo calls influences the interpretation of food value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They selectively inform friends about food and potential dangers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dogs exhibit greater tolerance towards outgroups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both languages are simultaneously active in the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures show intentional control and can be modified by the receiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whales can modify their vocabularies based on group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated with poor academic skills and confusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intentional adjustment of calls depending on the audience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition, attention, and switching. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased grey matter density. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Referential calls provide context about specific threats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human language is characterized by more sophisticated vocal imitation and syntax. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilingualism may cause difficulty mastering either language due to interference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilingual experience enhances mental flexibility and cognitive abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may be less noticeable when controlling for additional factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans have an innate capacity for universal grammar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperative communication does not require intentionality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions are culturally constructed and socially learned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between emotional words across various languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly cooperative sharing of information between individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common ground (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-verbal gesture indicating attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are biased to interpret these signals for learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intentional sharing of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding communicative intentions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans understand pointing as informative while chimps do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing random information without context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dogs have developed unique sensitivity to pointing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of communication in transmitting cultural knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables speakers to ensure messages are understood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some aspects of thought and emotion are shaped by language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They struggled with verbal communication but could perform other cognitive tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FOXP2 is found in many organisms, not just humans, suggesting its function goes beyond speech. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speech development in different species likely diverged from a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speech perception is based on identifying the sound patterns of speech, not the gestures used to produce them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Motor Theory highlights the role of the motor system in speech perception while the Auditory Theory focuses on acoustic properties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates that orangutans can produce complex vocalizations, contradicting the idea that they are limited to simple calls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text suggests that human speech is not entirely unique but built upon ancient evolutionary systems, with evidence of vocal learning capabilities in various animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides evidence for a more complex understanding of how the brain processes information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human speech is a complex adaptation built upon a gradual accumulation of evolutionary changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lower larynx is a necessary adaptation for human speech production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited neural connections between the vocal cords and brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both theories contribute to understanding speech perception, but neither is universally accepted or fully explains the process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>future research will likely involve studying the interaction of various genes and brain regions involved in speech development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental interaction is a major factor in speech development, but it comes after a genetic predisposition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans' capacity for speech is based on a combination of genetic factors, anatomical adaptations, and environmental interaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sign language has a structured grammar, while gestures are often context-specific. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More gestures are produced during harder tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures help speakers organize complex information into manageable units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures can convey information that is not spoken, enhancing comprehension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures can influence the sounds we hear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved handwriting skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory that our thoughts are influenced by our physical interactions with the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures have a cognitive function beyond facilitating communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving a thumbs-up to express approval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures can help students to better understand and solve math problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures have a minimal impact on individuals' perception of speech. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research by Rauscher et al. (1996) on gesture blocking and speech fluency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestures are an essential part of human communication and cognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is acquired through experience and general cognitive processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nativist theories often emphasize word learning and syntax, neglecting other socio-cognitive aspects like attention, working memory, and scaffolding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of speech children are exposed to shapes their language proficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is acquired through exposure, interaction, and general cognitive processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-linguistic stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language acquisition involves the interplay of genetic predispositions, cognitive processes, social interactions, and cultural input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language-specific neural pathways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caregivers actively shape the language environment, simplifying sentences and providing scaffolding, which helps children acquire language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Interactionist perspective integrates elements of both the Nativist and Empiricist perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a period when language acquisition is the most efficient and successful, but not the only time when it's possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics provides a foundation for language acquisition, but environmental factors also play a significant role. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the idea that humans have an innate capacity for language, even in the absence of existing language models. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the continuous and reciprocal interactions between genes, environment, and social factors in shaping language development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children benefit from extensive language exposure, but starting younger is consistently more advantageous than simply having more exposure to the language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of complex vocabulary and grammatical structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The combination of meaningless units into meaningful units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining multiple phonemes into a single morpheme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals lack the cognitive capacity to understand abstract rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Word recursion focuses on meaning within a single word, while phrase recursion focuses on meaning across multiple words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It examines the rules governing the internal structure of words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A word can stand alone, while a morpheme cannot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The way new words are created through the combination of existing morphemes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their cognitive abilities are insufficient for tracking complex nested structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrates how vision can influence our perception of speech sounds, suggesting a role for motor cues in speech processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speech perception involves a combination of innate mechanisms and learned experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming that a new word refers to something that has not yet been named. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child learns the word 'cat' by associating it with a furry animal that meows. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FOXP2 gene is a key factor in the evolution of human speech and language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human language abilities have unique features not found in other species, even with extensive training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers