Linear Algebra Vector Transformations
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Questions and Answers

What does the equation $x_i = l_{ji} x'_j$ represent in the context of vectors?

  • Transformation of coordinates into a new system. (correct)
  • The dot product of two vectors.
  • Interaction of two vectors in the same axis.
  • The cross product of two vectors.
  • What implies that a matrix $L$ is 'proper orthogonal'?

  • All elements of the matrix are positive.
  • The matrix is symmetric.
  • The determinant of the matrix is +1. (correct)
  • All rows are orthogonal to each other.
  • How is the rotation matrix related to the identity matrix according to the provided content?

  • $L^2 = I$ indicates the matrix is singular.
  • $L*L = I$ indicates symmetry.
  • $L^T L = I$ indicates linear independence. (correct)
  • $LL^T = I$ indicates orthogonality. (correct)
  • What is indicated when the determinant of the rotation matrix $L$ is -1?

    <p>There is a rotation combined with a reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression $x_i e_i = x'_j e'_j$, what does $e_i$ and $e'_j$ represent?

    <p>Basis vectors in different coordinate systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from the equation $l_{ik} l_{kj} = oldsymbol{ au}_{ij}$?

    <p>It shows a direct transformation between two tensors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations shows the relationship between the old and new basis vectors?

    <p>$e_i' = l_{ji} e_j$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the equation $det L = ±1$ for the rotation matrix?

    <p>It distinguishes types of transformations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Kronecker delta function, indicated as $oldsymbol{ au}_{ij}$, represent in the context of the provided equations?

    <p>It represents the identity matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a tensor of order one in the context of this document?

    <p>It refers to a one-dimensional array.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of contracting the dyadic product of two vectors?

    <p>It becomes a scalar quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trace of a tensor represent?

    <p>The diagonal components of a tensor summed together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a symmetric tensor?

    <p>It remains unchanged when indices are swapped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is an isotropic tensor characterized?

    <p>By remaining invariant under rotations of the basis vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When contracting a tensor of order four (𝐶𝑇(4)), what is the resulting order?

    <p>It reduces to 𝐶𝑇(2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a tensor is skew-symmetric?

    <p>Its components satisfy 𝑇𝑖𝑗 = −𝑇𝑗𝑖.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition under which a Cartesian tensor of order two cannot be represented as a dyadic product?

    <p>If at least two indices are equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the notation 𝑇𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑘 represent when contracting indices?

    <p>A symmetric tensor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering a cartesian tensor of order two (𝐶𝑇(2)), how many independent variables does a skew-symmetric tensor possess?

    <p>3 independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If tensors T and S are of orders n and m respectively, what is the resultant order of their product U = S T?

    <p>n + m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation on tensors results in the decrease of the tensor's order?

    <p>Contraction of tensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transformation of components when a basis vector rotates for isotropic tensors?

    <p>They remain constant regardless of the rotation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $T' = L T L^T$ represent?

    <p>Representation of T in a different basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a tensor represented by $T_{ij}$, which of the following represents the dyadic product?

    <p>$u_i v_j$ for specific vectors u and v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the form of a Cartesian tensor of order two if it is expressed in terms of basis vectors?

    <p>$T = T_{ij} (e_i ensor e_j)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the components of a tensor $T$ are contracted with respect to two indices?

    <p>The resulting tensor's order decreases by 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tensor equations is true?

    <p>They are independent of any basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the transformation law for tensor $T$, what symbol represents the transformed tensor?

    <p>$T'$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the product of two axial tensors?

    <p>A proper tensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you contract an axial tensor of order n?

    <p>It produces an axial tensor of order (n - 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about addition of axial tensors is true?

    <p>The sum is an axial tensor of the same order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic equation for a CT(2) tensor?

    <p>t^3 - I1t^2 + I2t - I3 = 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the principal invariant I1 for a tensor T?

    <p>I1 = T11 + T22 + T33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the transformation law of axial tensors, what is the role of Delta (∆)?

    <p>It is a scalar factor that can influence the transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vector is the curl u represented as in the given equations?

    <p>An axial vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If T_ijk is an axial tensor of order 3, what would be the result of its contraction with another axial tensor of order 2?

    <p>An axial tensor of order 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the position vector expressed for the new axes in relation to the unit vectors?

    <p>$x = (x'_1, x'_2, x'_3) = x_j e'_j$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol $ℓ_{ij}$ represent in the transformation law?

    <p>The dot product of the old and new unit vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the position vector of point P when the axes are rotated?

    <p>It transforms according to the new axes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between the old and new unit vectors?

    <p>$e_i' = ℓ_{ij} e_j$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which expression correctly represents the transformation of unit vectors?

    <p>$e'<em>i = ℓ</em>{ij} e_j$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the formula derived for $oldsymbol{x'_i}$ in the context of vector transformations?

    <p>It provides a method to transfer vectors when rotated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the transformation law, how is the vector $u$ represented?

    <p>$u = (u_j e_j) e'_i$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $x_i' = (e_j ⋅ e'_i) x_j$ signify?

    <p>It expresses the position vector in a new coordinate system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes how the axes are oriented after rotation?

    <p>They are still perpendicular but now reflect different unit vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property holds true for the transformation of unit vectors based on the derived equations?

    <p>The transformation preserves the orthogonality of the unit vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tensor Transformation and Rotation

    • Coordinates in a system with perpendicular axes are represented using unit vectors ( e_1, e_2, e_3 ).
    • Upon rotation to new unit vectors ( e'_1, e'_2, e'_3 ), the position vector can be expressed in both old and new axes.
    • The transformation of vectors under rotation can be expressed as ( x'i = \ell{ij} x_j ), where ( \ell_{ij} ) are transformation coefficients.
    • For unit vectors, ( e'i = \ell{ij} e_j ).

    Rotation Matrix Properties

    • The rotation matrix ( L = [\ell_{ij}] ) captures the relations between old and new coordinate systems.
    • The orthogonality condition ( L L^T = I ) indicates the preservation of vector lengths.
    • Determinant of the rotation matrix can be ( +1 ) (proper rotation) or ( -1 ) (rotation plus reflection) indicating symmetry or inversion under rotation.

    Tensor Representation

    • Cartesian tensors of order two cannot be expressed as dyadic products; instead, they can be represented through summation over basis vectors.
    • A second-order tensor can transform according to the law: ( T'{pq} = \ell{pi} \ell_{qj} T_{ij} ).
    • Resulting first-order tensors like traces (e.g., ( T_{qq} )) serve as invariants or scalars.

    Tensor Operations

    • Scalar multiplication and addition of tensors preserve the order of tensors, forming a Cartesian tensor of the same order.
    • Contraction reduces the order of tensors; contracting indices gives another tensor of lower order.
    • For example, contracting a tensor of order ( n ) results in a tensor of order ( n-2 ).

    Symmetric and Anti-Symmetric Tensors

    • A tensor is symmetric if ( T_{ij} = T_{ji} ) and anti-symmetric if ( T_{ij} = -T_{ji} ).
    • Every tensor can be decomposed into its symmetric and skew-symmetric components.

    Isotropic Tensors

    • Tensors that remain unchanged under any arbitrary rotation are termed isotropic.
    • The transformation law for an axial tensor involves a sign change (±1) and is defined in higher dimensions.

    Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

    • Every second-order Cartesian tensor satisfies its own characteristic equation, providing a relationship between its eigenvalues and invariants.
    • The cubic polynomial derived from the determinant of the matrix form of the tensor plays a crucial role in spectral analysis.

    Important Notes

    • Determining trace and scalar characteristics of tensors is critical for understanding their physical quantities and properties.
    • Properly identifying symmetric and anti-symmetric parts of tensors aids in applications such as mechanics and material science.
    • The transformational laws allow for the analysis and derivation of tensor properties across different coordinate systems, making them foundational in fields such as physics and engineering.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the concepts of vector transformations in linear algebra, specifically covering the transformation laws and the relationships between unit vectors in a coordinate system. Test your understanding of cosine relationships and vector notation.

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