Questions and Answers
What are linear equations?
Equation of form ax + by = c that defines a line in a plane.
What is a linear system?
Finite collection of linear equations in the variables x1, x2,..., xn.
What are the 3 possibilities regarding solutions to a system?
What are the 3 operations that preserve the solutions of a system?
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What is Row Echelon Form (REF)?
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What is Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)?
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What are 3 facts about REF/RREF?
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What is Gaussian Elimination / Gauss-Jordan Elimination?
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What are leading variables?
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What are free variables?
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What is a homogeneous system?
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What is a trivial solution?
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What is a matrix?
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What is compact notation?
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What is a column vector?
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What is a row vector?
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What is a square matrix?
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What is the main diagonal of a matrix?
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What are the basic matrix operations?
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What is a linear combination?
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What is the transpose of a matrix?
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What is the trace of a matrix?
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Study Notes
Linear Equations
- Linear equations take the form ( ax + by = c ), defining a line in a plane.
- Example: ( x + 7y = 3 ) or ( 3x + 2y - z = 0 ) illustrates linear equations.
- Non-linear terms (like powers) disrupt linearity.
Linear System
- A linear system consists of a finite collection of linear equations involving variables ( x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n ).
- Examples include:
- ( x + 3y = 1 )
- ( 4x - y = 0 )
- ( 3x_1 + 2x_2 - x_3 = 4 )
- ( 4x_1 + x_2 - x_3 = 1 )
- ( x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 0 )
Solutions to Systems
- Three possibilities for solutions:
- One solution (consistent system)
- Infinitely many solutions (consistent system)
- No solutions (inconsistent system)
Elementary Row Operations (ERO)
- Three operations that maintain system solutions:
- Multiply an equation by a non-zero constant.
- Interchange the order of two equations.
- Add a multiple of one equation to another.
Row Echelon Form (REF)
- A matrix in REF has:
- The first non-zero entry in each row is 1 (leading 1).
- Rows of all zeroes are at the bottom.
- Leading 1's shift to the right in successive rows.
Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)
- RREF has all properties of REF, plus:
- In each column with a leading 1, all other entries are zero.
Facts about REF/RREF
- Every matrix can be transformed into REF or RREF using ERO.
- REF is not unique but has unique pivot positions.
- RREF is unique for a given matrix representation.
Gaussian Elimination/Gauss-Jordan Elimination
- Steps to perform:
- Identify the leftmost column with a non-zero entry.
- Interchange rows to position a non-zero entry at the top.
- Create a leading 1 in the top row.
- Use row operations to eliminate entries below the leading 1, repeating on the submatrix.
- For RREF, perform elimination above leading 1's from bottom to top.
Leading Variables and Free Variables
- Leading variables correspond to columns with leading 1's.
- Free variables are those not tied to leading variables.
Homogeneous System
- An augmented matrix with all zeroes in the last column.
- Homogeneous systems are always consistent.
Trivial Solution
- When all variable values are zero, resulting in the solution set being ((0,0,...,0)).
Matrix and Operations
- Matrices are rectangular arrays of real numbers.
- Compact notation is expressed as ( A = [a_{ij}] ).
- A column vector is defined as an ( n \times 1 ) matrix.
- A row vector is a ( 1 \times m ) matrix.
- A square matrix has dimensions ( n \times n ).
- The main diagonal consists of elements ( A_{11}, A_{22}, ... A_{nn} ).
Matrix Operations
- Key operations include:
- Addition of matrices.
- Scalar multiplication of matrices.
Linear Combination
- Defined as a form ( x_1 A_1 + x_2 A_2 +...+ x_k A_k ), where ( A_1,...,A_k ) are matrices and ( x_1,...,x_k ) are scalars.
Transpose of a Matrix
- Transpose of an ( m \times n ) matrix results in an ( n \times m ) matrix.
- Row elements transform to column elements.
Trace of a Matrix
- The trace of a matrix is calculated by summing its main diagonal entries.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of linear systems and operations like Echelon Row Operations (ERO), Row Echelon Form (REF), and Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF). This quiz covers key concepts such as linear equations and systems. Perfect for enhancing your understanding of Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan elimination methods.