Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ACTH?
Which hormone is responsible for inducing mammary gland development and milk secretion?
What is a consequence of an under secretion of thyroxin?
What do the parathyroid glands regulate?
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Which hormone helps with the contraction of the uterus during delivery?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus?
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Which part of the limbic system is crucial for emotional responses and memory production?
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What occurs if the hippocampus is damaged?
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Which hemisphere of the brain primarily processes language and logical activities?
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Which lobe of the brain is involved in receiving sensory impulses related to touch?
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What main function is attributed to the hypothalamus?
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Which lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing?
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What is a significant role of the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the Somatic Nervous System?
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What type of neurons are primarily involved in the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Which part of the Autonomic Nervous System prepares the body for stressful situations?
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What type of glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
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What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?
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What condition results from the over-secretion of growth hormone?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for calming the body after stress?
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What are hormones?
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What role does acetylcholine play in the body?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory?
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What effect does norepinephrine have on the body?
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What is a consequence of a lack of dopamine in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is responsible for muscle stimulation?
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How does GABA affect the brain?
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What effect does dopamine have depending on its location in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is involved in both excitatory and inhibitory actions?
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What condition is characterized by excessive amounts of dopamine in the frontal lobes?
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Which neurotransmitter's depletion leads to uncontrollable muscle tremors in Parkinson's disease patients?
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What is the primary treatment aim for certain epileptic conditions caused by a lack of GABA?
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Which disease is associated with a chronic reduction of GABA in the brain?
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What characterizes Myasthenia gravis as a chronic autoimmune disease?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily blocked by circulating antibodies in Myasthenia gravis?
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What is the impact of the destruction of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease?
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What aspect of the nervous system relies on communication between vast numbers of neurons?
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Study Notes
Limbic System Functions
- Governs instinctive activities: feeding, attacking, fleeing from danger, and mating.
Parts of the Limbic System
- Thalamus: Central relay center of the brain, transmitting information from lower brain areas to other centers.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates visceral, endocrine, and metabolic activities, maintaining homeostasis; controls sexual behavior, body temperature, sleeping, eating, drinking, and emotional responses.
- Amygdala: Located in the temporal lobe; involved in memory and emotions; damage can impair recognition of happiness, sadness, or disgust.
- Hippocampus: Essential for memory storage, particularly converting fleeting memories into long-term memories; damage impairs ability to form new memories.
Central Cortex (The New Brain)
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Cerebral Hemispheres:
- Right Hemisphere: Controls sensory and motor activities on the left side of the body; involved in perceptual, visual, spatial, artistic, and musical activities.
- Left Hemisphere: Controls sensory and motor activities on the right side; responsible for math, language, science, writing, and logic.
- Frontal Lobe: Involved in speech and reasoning; contains Broca’s Area for verbal expression.
- Parietal Lobes: Receptive areas for incoming sensory impulses (e.g., touch).
- Temporal Lobes: Contains auditory center and areas for taste and smell.
- Occipital Lobes: Responsible for vision.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Comprises nerve fibers connecting to the central nervous system; located outside the skull and spinal cord.
Divisions of the PNS
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
- Sympathetic NS: Prepares body for stress (e.g., fight or flight response).
- Parasympathetic NS: Calms body to restore normal functions after stress.
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Somatic Nervous System:
- Composed of cranial and spinal nerves; organizes voluntary movements.
Glandular System Overview
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Glands: Organs secreting substances for bodily use or elimination.
- Exocrine Glands: Secrete onto surfaces through ducts (e.g., sweat, salivary glands).
- Endocrine Glands: Release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland
- Located at the brain's base; regulated by the hypothalamus; often referred to as the "master gland."
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Anterior Lobe Hormones:
- Growth Hormone: Regulates growth; imbalances can cause giantism or dwarfism.
- ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex for steroid production.
- TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone production.
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Posterior Lobe Hormones:
- ADH: Controls water excretion rate.
- Oxytocin: Aids in milk delivery and uterine contractions during childbirth.
Thyroid Gland
- Located around the neck's windpipe; produces thyroxin, which regulates metabolism.
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Consequences of Thyroxin Malfunctions:
- Under-secretion leads to slowed metabolism and potential growth issues.
- Over-secretion speeds metabolism, causing irritability and insomnia.
Parathyroid Glands
- Adjacent to the thyroid; regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream.
- Hormone Deficiency Effects: Leads to neuromuscular excitability, potentially resulting in tetanus.
Types of Neurotransmitters
- Excitatory: Involve neurotransmitters like glutamate and aspartate.
- Inhibitory: Include glycine and GABA.
- Mixed: Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
- First neurotransmitter discovered; crucial for muscle stimulation and memory formation.
- Degeneration in the hippocampus can lead to Alzheimer's disease.
Dopamine
- Involved in motor regulation, mood, motivation, and attention; excessive in schizophrenia, deficient in Parkinson's disease.
Norepinephrine
- Secreted during stress; prepares body for "fight or flight" response; affects attention, emotion, and learning.
GABA (γ-Amino Butyric Acid)
- Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; balances neuron activity; deficits lead to epilepsy.
Myasthenia Gravis
- Chronic autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing weakness without muscle atrophy.
Conclusion
- The nervous system's ability to manage complex behaviors, learning, and memory relies on effective neuron communication.
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Description
Explore the key components and functions of the limbic system, including the roles of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. This quiz will test your knowledge on how these parts regulate instinctive activities such as feeding, attacking, and fleeing. Get ready to dive into the intricate workings of the brain's emotion and memory centers.
