Lighting Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

In a 1-phase rotary converter the number of slip rings will be ____.

2

Which laboratory in the U.S. did the team who invented transistors work at?

  • MIT
  • Stanford
  • Harvard
  • Bell Telephone (correct)

    • What is the microscopic place of silicon that contains micro-miniature electronic components mainly transistors known as?

    Microchip

    A full wave rectifier has twice the efficiency of a half wave rectifier.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following frequency ranges with their categories:

    <p>03 – 3 THz = Infrared 3 – 30 THz = Ultraviolet 30 – 300 THz = Visible Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended illumination level for general office reading?

    <p>70 fc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended level of illumination for indoor lawn tennis tournaments?

    <p>50 fc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most affected parameter of a filament lamp due to voltage change?

    <p>Life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In indoor lighting, what is the purpose of coating the fluorescent tube from inside with white phosphor powder?

    <p>To increase light radiations due to secondary emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average life of a 28V, 72W tungsten halogen lamp?

    <p>2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 3-way and 4-way switches shall be so wired that all switching is done in the ____ conductor.

    <p>Ungrounded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of grounding rod?

    <p>16mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of wire in a lighting outlet?

    <p>2.0 sq.mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the safest type of insulation for indoor wiring installation, especially in residential and commercial buildings?

    <p>Polyvinyl Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum bend of Rigid Metallic Conduit (RMC)?

    <p>4 quarter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hermetic motor-compressor has a rated load current of 20 Amp. What is the allowable ampacity of branch circuit conductor?

    <p>20 Amp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum ampacity of conductor for a room air conditioner with a 12 Amp rated current?

    <p>15 Amp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Philippine Electrical Code, if each of these insulated wires carries the same 40 Amp, which wire will generate heat the fastest?

    <p>TW insulated wire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the code name for polyethylene insulation or PVC 75°C?

    <p>THW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The short-circuit temperature rating of PVC insulated building wires for a 30-second period is?

    <p>150°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is known as Avogadro's Law?

    <p>equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a substance called that gives up protons to another substance?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is commonly used for atomic and sub-atomic distances?

    <p>Angstrom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere called?

    <p>Porosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements that generally exhibit multiple oxidation states are known as Transition Elements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A source program is a program written in ____. (High level language)

    <p>High level language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest and extensively employed method in computing depreciation?

    <p>Straight line method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the other term for 'acid-test-ratio'?

    <p>Quick ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form summarizes assets, liabilities, and net worth?

    <p>Balance sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clause is NOT included in Article VI, final provisions of R.A 7920?

    <p>Penalty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In electrical wiring, which conductor is grounded in a single-phase 3-wire AC system?

    <p>Neutral conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be the condition for the ideal gas law?

    <p>High temperature, low pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a solid has a crystalline structure, the atoms arranged in repeating structures called:

    <p>Unit cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a crystal structure, what is an interstitial atom?

    <p>An extra atom sitting at a non-lattice point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ores from which zinc is obtained ______.

    <p>Sphalerite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group of steels are air-hardened, medium alloy tool steels?

    <p>Group A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of copper in steel alloying is to increase _____.

    <p>Atmospheric corrosion resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is NOT a Viscoelastic material?

    <p>Metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Phosphorus in cast iron?

    <p>Increase fluidity and lowers melting temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impurity in steel can cause 'red shortness'?

    <p>Sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Prefix 'peta' refer to?

    <p>10 to the positive 15th power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be the Poisson ratio of a material?

    <p>0.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the S.I. unit of thermodynamic temperature?

    <p>Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following valves is NOT used for shut-off service?

    <p>Clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that works in the hydraulic brakes of automobiles?

    <p>Pascal’s law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An open system of the first law of Thermodynamics should be utilized for all the following EXCEPT a ________.

    <p>piston-cylinder device with no inlet/outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reversible process, work is ____ and temperature is ____. Choose the correct pair.

    <p>Maximum, Minimum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law of nature underpins the concept of balanced chemical equations?

    <p>First Law of Thermodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following relations defines enthalpy?

    <p>h = u + pV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which thermodynamics cycle is considered the most efficient?

    <p>Carnot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for Calcium Chloride?

    <p>CaCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for "Stranger Gas"?

    <p>Xenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For completely corrosion-resistant stainless steel, what is the minimum percentage of chromium in the alloy?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is equivalent to P(1+i)n?

    <p>Future worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement of PRBEE?

    <p>Neither of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is in-charge in recommending the member of board in case of vacancy?

    <p>Commissioner of PRC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rule 11 in R.A. 7920?

    <p>Places and Dates of Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of stainless steel grounding rod as specified by PEC?

    <p>16mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ESAS Terms and Objectives

    • Polar Graph: represents variation of illumination; Photometric Distribution
    • Lambert's Cosine Law: illumination is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux
    • Color Rendering Index: a quantitative measure of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source
    • Lighting Parameters:
      • Recommended illumination level for general office reading: 70 fc
      • Recommended illumination level for indoor lawn tennis tournaments: 50 fc
    • Lighting Systems:
      • HID (High-Intensity-Discharge) lamps (EXCEPT Rapid-start lamp)
      • Fluorescent lamps:
        • Starter: to ignite and light up a preheat fluorescent luminaire
        • Flicker effect: more pronounced at lower frequencies
        • Operating on DC: requires incorporation of a resistance in the circuit
        • Coating the fluorescent tube with white phosphor powder: increases light radiations due to secondary emission
      • Life burning hours:
        • Typical 40W fluorescent lamp: 24,000 hours
        • Incandescent lamp: approximately 1,500 hours
        • 28V, 72W tungsten halogen lamp: approximately 2,000 hours

    Electrical System Design

    • Definition: choice of electrical systems, including planning and detailing of requirements for protection, control, monitoring, coordination, and interlocking of electrical systems among others
    • Article III: contains Sec 10 to 30
    • Electric Plant: an establishment or a system for the production and modification of electric energy

    Electrical Engineering Professional Subjects

    • R.A. 7920: approval of Electrical System Design, including Sec 2(a)(6) on Teaching of Electrical Engineering Professional Subjects
    • EE Board Chairman: Rafael F. Florentino
    • Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE): 3-year term
    • Vacancies in the Board: filled by the President from the list of recommendees selected by the commissioner who were chosen from the list of nominees submitted by the integrated and accredited association for the unexpired term only

    Registration and Examination

    • RME: requires 5 years of study after high school
    • Sec. 17(a), R.A. 7920: Examination and registration qualification of applicants for Registered Electrical Engineer; applicant must be a citizen of the country
    • Penalty: any person who violates any of the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine not more than 50,000 pesos

    Electrical Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA)

    • R.A. 9136
    • ** TRANSCO Board of Trustee or Board Member**: President of TRANSCO (Fortunato C. Leynes, 2024 president)

    Philippine Distribution Code

    • Collection Standards: does NOT belong to the Philippine Distribution Code Performance Standards
    • Captive Market: refers to end-users who do not have a choice of a supplier of electricity
    • Operating Margin: the available generating capacity in excess of the sum of the system demand plus losses within the specified period of time
    • PSALM: Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation
    • SAIDI: a distribution reliability index defined as the total duration of sustained customer power interruptions within a given period divided by the total number of customers served within the same period
    • WESM: Wholesale Electricity Spot Market

    Electrical Safety

    • Electrical Safety Month: declared as May by President Aquino (Proclamation No. 193)
    • OSHST: Occupational Safety and Health Standards

    Electrical Code

    • PEC 2009: a consolidation of House Bill No. 11063 and Senate Bill No. 1766
    • Board of Electrical Engineers: composed of One chairman and Two members
    • Quasi-Legislative Powers: refers to Rule-making

    Wiring and Installation

    • NEC 2005: used as the main reference for the preparation of Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) 2009 part 1
    • PEC 2017: approved by Board Resolution No. 18
    • Wiring Design Rule: for hermetic motor, the disconnecting means is 115% of the full load current
    • Fine Print Notes: used to provide explanatory material, references to other sections, precautions to be observed, and further mandatory requirements

    Grounding and Earthing

    • Minimum size of grounding electrode copper conductor: 8.0 sq.mm
    • Multiple rod, pipe, or plate electrodes: shall not be less than 1800 mm apart
    • PEC: has assigned the color Orange to the high leg of a 4-wire delta connected secondary

    Conductors and Insulation

    • PVC: more flame-resistant than Polyethylene
    • Maximum numbers of disconnect for service mains: 6
    • Conductors in parallel: aluminum, copper-clad aluminum or copper conductors of size 50 mm2 and larger, comprising each phase, neutral or grounded circuit conductor
    • Minimum ampacity of feeders: 125% motor FL current plus other current

    ...and many more.Here are the study notes for the text:

    • Electronics and Communications*

    Unit of Measure of Sound Intensity Level

    • Decibel (dB)

    Frequency Bands

    • SHF (Super High Frequency): 3 GHz to 30 GHz, used for microwave and satellite radio communication systems
    • VHF (Very High Frequency): 30 MHz to 300 MHz
    • UHF (Ultra High Frequency): 300 MHz to 3 GHz
    • ELF (Extremely Low Frequencies): 30 Hz to 300 Hz
    • VF (Voice Frequencies): 3 kHz to 30 kHz
    • LF (Low Frequencies): 30 kHz to 300 kHz
    • MF (Medium Frequencies): 300 kHz to 3 MHz
    • HF (High Frequencies): 3 MHz to 30 MHz
    • EHF (Extremely High Frequencies): 30 GHz to 300 GHz

    Amplifiers and Modulation

    • Amplifier output power measured in dBm (decibel milliwatts)
    • Modulation Index: ratio of peak modulating signal voltage to peak carrier voltage
    • Bandwidth: difference between highest and lowest frequencies contained in an information signal
    • Frequency Spectrum: plot of all frequencies contained in a waveform and their respective amplitudes

    Microwave and Satellite Communication

    • Carrier current communication receiver found in substations
    • Multiplexing: combining transmission from multiple sources over a common facility
    • SSBFC (Single Sideband Full Carrier): form of amplitude modulation

    Television Systems

    • NTSC (National Television System Committee) adopted in the Philippines
    • TV signal uses AM (Amplitude Modulation) for picture and FM (Frequency Modulation) for sound
    • Number of frames per second in the Philippine television system: 30

    Fiber Optics

    • Core of fiber optic cable surrounded by cladding
    • Reflection principle used in fiber optic cables
    • Fiber optic cable used for light transmission

    Computing and Programming

    • Rotary Converter: device that converts AC power to DC power
    • UNIVAC 1: first commercial computer developed in 1950
    • Artificial Intelligence: field of research that develops computer systems that mimic human thought
    • Special purpose computers designed to perform specific functions
    • Simplex method: efficient method for solving allocation problems in linear programming
    • Demodulation done in radio receiver
    • Detection: recovering information from a carrier
    • Chemistry*

    Chemical Compounds and Reactions

    • Chemical Compound: substance that contains two or more different elements
    • Reducing Agent: substance that loses electrons during an oxidation-reduction process
    • Oxidation State: number of electrons gained or lost by an atom during an oxidation-reduction process
    • Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
    • Coordination Number: number of atoms surrounding a central atom in a crystal structure

    Elements and Compounds

    • Elements: substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances during ordinary chemical reactions
    • Solvent: liquid in chemistry
    • Acid: substance that donates a hydrogen ion (H+)
    • Base: substance that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+)
    • pH: measure of acidity or basicity of a solution

    Crystal Structures

    • Face-Centered-Cubic (FCC) structure: crystal structure with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern
    • Body Centered Cubic (BCC) structure: crystal structure with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern
    • Unit Cell: smallest repeating structure in a crystal lattice
    • Physics*

    Thermodynamics

    • Thermodynamic temperature: measure of hotness or coldness of an object
    • Kinetic Theory of Gases: theory that describes the dynamic properties of gases
    • Pneumatics: branch of physics that deals with the dynamic properties of gases

    Electromagnetic Theory

    • Electromagnetic waves: waves that propagate through electric and magnetic fields
    • Electric Flux Density: measure of electric field intensity
    • Permittivity: ratio of electric flux density to electric field intensity
    • Refraction of electromagnetic waves occurs when they pass into a medium with a different dielectric constant

    Nuclear Physics

    • Nucleons: particles that make up the nucleus of an atom (protons and neutrons)
    • Nuclide: nucleus of a specific isotope of an element### Physics
    • Frequency of ratio waves absorbed by atmosphere depends on several factors
    • Polarization of dialect material results in creation of electric dipoles
    • Polarization of electromagnetic wave is direction of electric field component with respect to ground
    • Velocity of propagation in dielectric medium is reduced by a factor of 1/3 relative to free space

    Transmission Lines

    • Ratio of reflected power to incident power is given by r2
    • If SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) of 4:1 exists on transmission line, percentage reflected and absorbed power by load is 36% and 64% respectively

    Engineering Mechanics

    • Body with identical properties all over is called homogeneous
    • Fatigue failure occurs when part is subjected to compressive stress
    • According to Kepler's Law of motion, square of time period "T" of a planet around sun is proportional to cube of mean distance of planet from sun

    Materials Science

    • Material that recovers its original dimension when load is removed is called elastic
    • Strain aging is behavior of metals where strength of metal increases and ductility decreases on heating at relatively low temperature after cold working
    • Ductile fracture is characterized by appreciable plastic deformation prior to propagation of crack

    Thermodynamics

    • Area enclosed by PV diagram represents work done by engine per cycle
    • Carnot engine is most efficient
    • Diesel cycle consists of two isentropic, one constant volume, one constant pressure process
    • Rankine cycle is used in thermal power plant
    • Brayton cycle is used in gas turbine
    • Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics provides basis for measuring thermodynamic property of temperature
    • Triple point of a substance is temperature and pressure at which solid does not melt, liquid does not boil, and gas does not condense

    Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics

    • Formation that contains and transmits ground water is called aquifer
    • Laminar flow is type of flow in which individual fluid particles follow straight line path
    • Turbulent flow is type of flow in which individual fluid particles take random path
    • Hoop stress refers to circumferential tensile stress
    • Modulus of resilience is measure of a material's ability to store strain energy
    • Vapor pressure is partial pressure created by vapor molecules when evaporation takes place within enclosed space

    Strength of Materials

    • Moment of resistance is internal resisting moment of a beam
    • Poisson's ratio is ratio of lateral contraction to longitudinal extension
    • In long column (slenderness ratio > 160), length of column has greatest influence on its tendency to buckle under compressive load
    • Area of shear diagram of a beam between any two points is equal to change in moment between two points

    Computer Science

    • Virtual memory is computer's use of hard disk storage to simulate RAM
    • File allocation table is special file used by operating system to store physical location of all files on storage medium
    • Megabyte is exactly 1,048,576 bytes
    • Downloading refers to transferring software from another computer to your own computer

    Chemistry

    • Element can be defined as substance, all atoms of which have same atomic number
    • Deuteron is nucleus containing a neutron and a proton
    • Avogadro's Law states that at same pressure and temperature, equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules
    • Acid is substance that gives up protons to another substance
    • Transition elements are those that generally exhibit multiple oxidation states
    • Angstrom unit is commonly used to measure atomic and sub-atomic distances and is equal to 10^-10m

    Electrical Engineering

    • NOT gate output signal will be 01011 when input signal A = 10100 is applied
    • ASCII is binary coding scheme most common used in microcomputer
    • Floppy disk is round piece of flat plastic that stores data and program using magnetized spots
    • TTL means Transistor Logic
    • CMOS means Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

    Business and Economics

    • Batch data is collected over several days or weeks and processed all at one time
    • Effective interest is true value of interest rate computed by equations for compound interest for 1-year period
    • Law of Diminishing Return states that when one factor of production is fixed in quantity or is difficult to increase, increasing other factors of production will result in less than proportional increase in output
    • Corporation is aggregation of individuals formed for purpose of conducting business and recognized by law as fictitious person
    • Capitalized cost is present worth of cost associated with an asset for infinite period of time

    Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)

    • PRC Modernization Law is also known as RA 8981
    • Commissioner of PRC is executive officer of Board of Electrical Engineering and conducts examination given by Board
    • Total CPE units for registered professionals with baccalaureate degree shall be 60 credit units for three years

    Electrical Engineering (Continued)

    • Ground ring encircling building or structure, in direct contact with earth, consisting of at least 6,000 mm of bare copper conductor not smaller than 30 mm^2
    • Bonding jumper(s) from grounding electrodes and grounding electrode conductor(s) shall be permitted to be connected to aluminum or copper busbars not less than 6mm x 50mm

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    ESAS Objectives PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers basic concepts in lighting, including photometric distribution, Lambert's cosine law, and color rendering index. Test your understanding of light sources and their properties!

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