Questions and Answers
What is gender stability?
What is gender constancy?
Recognizing the permanency of one's gender category membership.
What does research suggest about gender atypical individuals?
Social assignments to a gender category can influence gender identity.
What is CAH?
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What do Cognitive-Developmental Theories suggest about children's behavior?
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According to Gender Schema Theories, what do children choose to do?
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The Social Dosage Effect describes how children become less gender-typical over time.
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What is sociometry?
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Match sociometric categories with their descriptions:
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As children get older, how does tolerance of gender-inconsistent behavior differ between males and females?
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Study Notes
Gender Stability and Constancy
- Gender stability: Understanding that one's gender remains constant over time (e.g., boys grow into men).
- Gender constancy: Awareness that gender category membership is permanent and cannot change, typically developed by school entry age.
- Cultural context emphasizes the challenge of differentiating sex (biological) and gender (socially influenced traits), often using the terms interchangeably.
Gender Atypical Research
- Gender atypical conditions feature individuals with ambiguous genitalia or genitalia inconsistent with sex chromosomes.
- Social assignments can significantly impact gender identity, as evidenced by a case of a boy raised as a girl after a surgical accident, identifying successfully as female.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- CAH occurs in biological females exposed to high androgen levels, impacting prenatal and postnatal development.
- Without early diagnosis and intervention, altering a child's gender identity can become challenging by ages 2.5-3.
- When raised as boys, CAH females often accept their gender assignment despite biological discrepancies, indicating the interplay of nature and nurture in gender identity development.
Gender Development Perspectives
- Cognitive-Developmental Theories emphasize children seeking behaviors consistent with their gender identity upon understanding gender constancy, fostering intrinsic motivation for gender-typical behavior.
- Cognitive Perspective focuses on children modeling behaviors after perceived similar, competent individuals, especially same-gender models.
Gender Schema Theories
- Children act in accordance with their gender schemas, which are frameworks of beliefs and expectations regarding male and female traits.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Oedipus Complex: Boys bond with fathers through fear of castration linked to maternal desire.
- Electra Complex: Girls, desiring their fathers due to "penis envy," bond with mothers, leading to distinct imitation behaviors based on gender.
Social Dosage Effect
- The duration children spend in same-gender groups correlates with increased gender-typical behaviors, which can affect future relationships and interactions.
Peer Groups and Social Structure
- Preschoolers and early elementary children exhibit less structured social worlds, progressing to ad hoc cliques in middle school, marking shifts in social dynamics.
- Cliques are typically small, flexible friendship groups, while crowds emerge as larger, reputation-based entities in mid-adolescence.
- The significance of cliques tends to decline during high school, a process known as degrouping, while participation in social activities enhances socioemotional development.
Sociometry
- Sociometry assesses social competence by measuring children's preferences for peers through positive and negative nominations, revealing children's social status.
- Social preference scores reflect a child's positive and negative mentions in peer groups, while social impact captures overall visibility.
Sociometric Categories
- Popular children have high preference and high impact; average children are near the group mean; neglected children receive few nominations; rejected children face many negative mentions but retain visibility; controversial children garner mixed nominations, displaying traits of both popular and rejected peers.
Gender and Cultural Differences
- Age-related intolerance for gender-inconsistent behavior often manifests more in males than females, with masculine females more accepted than feminine males.
- Cultural commonalities highlight that aggression leads to rejection and helpfulness fosters popularity, with variations based on cultural contexts (e.g., individualism in the U.S. versus collectivism in Japan).
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Description
Explore key concepts in Chapter 8 of the Lifespan textbook. This quiz focuses on understanding gender stability and gender constancy, helping you grasp the nuances between sex and gender. Perfect for students studying developmental psychology or gender studies.
