Life Processes in Animals & Plants

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

The watery fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

The enzyme produced by the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

The process by which food is moved through the digestive tract by muscle contractions.

The process by which the body uses food molecules for energy and growth.

A milky fluid formed in the small intestine that contains digested fats and other nutrients.

The process by which cells obtain energy from food molecules by breaking them down with oxygen.

The substance produced by the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller molecules.

A condition where undigested food moves too quickly through the large intestine, resulting in frequent watery bowel movements.

The process of transporting digested food, electrolytes, vitamins, and water from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and lymphatic vessels.

Soil lacking in this element causes yellow and brown leaf margins, leading to premature plant death.

The type of respiration in mammals involving the lungs, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.

The structure responsible for breathing in humans, its contraction increases the volume of the chest cavity, causing air to flow into the lungs.

The compound formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Rings of _____________ keep the passageway of the trachea open, preventing it from collapsing during breathing.

The part of the brain that controls the rate of breathing, responding to changes in carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

The process by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood from the tissues to the lungs.

A flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the windpipe.

The type of cartilage that forms the C-shaped rings supporting the trachea.

A condition that affects premature infants, characterized by difficulty breathing due to underdeveloped lungs.

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are saturated with oxygen at a given partial pressure of oxygen.

The diffusion of oxygen occurs from the alveoli to the tissues, while the diffusion of carbon dioxide occurs from the tissues to the alveoli.

The amount of carbon dioxide present in 100 ml of human arterial blood.

Many components of tar in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, meaning they can cause cancer.

Lacteals are small lymphatic vessels found in the villi of the small intestine, responsible for absorbing fats from digested food. They are part of the lymphatic system, not the blood circulatory system.

Agranulocytes are a type of white blood cell that lack granules in their cytoplasm. They include lymphocytes, which play a key role in the immune response, and monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages to engulf pathogens.

In the embryonic stage, red blood cells are primarily formed in the liver and spleen. This function later shifts to the bone marrow as the fetus develops.

The vena cava, the largest vein in the body, carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body. Therefore, it has the lowest blood pressure compared to arteries and other blood vessels.

White blood cells, although formed in bone marrow and capable of moving independently, are not formed in lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are sites where lymphocytes mature and interact with antigens.

The heart muscle is nourished by the coronary arteries, which branch off from the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart itself.

The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collecting lymph from most of the body and returning it to the bloodstream near the heart.

Plasma cells are formed from the differentiation of B-lymphocytes. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which fight off invading pathogens.