Life History Traits and Environmental Influences
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Questions and Answers

What determines the growth patterns of an individual, resulting in either no further growth or continued growth after reaching sexual maturity?

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Predator chemical cues
  • Resource availability
  • Type of growth, either determinate or indeterminate (correct)

    • What is the term for the gradual decrease in fitness with age?

  • Senescence (correct)
  • Fecundity
  • Parity
  • Longevity

    • Which of the following is an example of phenotypic plasticity?

  • Two Daphnia clones with different genotypes
  • Two Daphnia clones with different fecundity rates
  • Two Daphnia clones with different predation risks
  • Two Daphnia clones with the same genotype but different environmental conditions (correct)

    • What is the term for the number of offspring per capita in a given time interval?

    <p>Fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth pattern is characteristic of many species of plants, invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians?

    <p>Indeterminate growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the survival rate of an individual?

    <p>Environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of reproductive episodes in an individual's lifetime?

    <p>Parity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the life span of an organism?

    <p>Longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for organisms that have a single reproductive cycle before death?

    <p>Semelparous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of survival rates in a population?

    <p>Binomial distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organisms do multiple reproductive cycles occur?

    <p>Iteroparous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for trade-offs in resource allocation?

    <p>Resources are limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between semelparous and iteroparous organisms?

    <p>Iteroparous have multiple reproductive cycles, while semelparous have one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of adding one egg to the European magpie's brood?

    <p>The success rate decreases to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with a short lifespan in birds?

    <p>Early start in reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of stress tolerators in plants?

    <p>Slow growth, low fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between fast and slow life histories?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor affecting the life history of plants, according to J. Philip Grime?

    <p>Stress, competition, and frequency of disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ruderal plants?

    <p>Fast growth, high fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of removing eggs from a European magpie's brood?

    <p>The success rate remains at 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the expression of life-history traits?

    <p>Environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of phenotypic plasticity in response to predator chemical cues?

    <p>Different form and size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the timing of metamorphosis in organisms?

    <p>Resource availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of indeterminate growth in organisms?

    <p>Continued growth after initiating reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between survival rate and longevity?

    <p>Survival rate is directly proportional to longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the reproductive strategy of an organism?

    <p>Resource availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of semelparous organisms?

    <p>Single reproductive cycle before death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions?

    <p>Different forms and sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the life-history traits of an organism?

    <p>Environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of determinate growth in organisms?

    <p>Cessation of growth after reaching sexual maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why organisms cannot live longer, reproduce often, and grow faster?

    <p>Resources are limited, requiring trade-offs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between offspring number and parental care?

    <p>More offspring means less per capita care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a slow life history?

    <p>Late sexual maturity, long life span, and low fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of investing more time in feeding offspring?

    <p>Lower parental survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fast and slow life histories?

    <p>Reproductive onset, lifespan, and fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting the life history of plants, according to J. Philip Grime?

    <p>Stress, competition, and frequency of disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ruderal plants?

    <p>They grow fast and devote a high proportion of their energy to seed production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off between longevity and reproductive onset?

    <p>Early start in reproduction is associated with short lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding one egg to the European magpie's brood, in terms of success rate?

    <p>The success rate decreases to around 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do organisms have multiple reproductive cycles?

    <p>Because they have evolved to do so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Life History Traits

    • Life history traits include growth and development, survival, and reproduction, which can be influenced by environmental conditions and have both heritable and phenotypically plastic components.

    Growth and Development

    • Phenotypic plasticity: same genotype, different phenotypes in response to environmental cues (e.g., Daphnia clones responding to predator chemical cues)
    • Resource availability affects growth and development (e.g., lower body mass in frogs with limited food)

    Survival

    • Survival rate: proportion of individuals alive at a given time
    • Longevity: life span of an organism
    • Senescence: gradual decrease in fitness with age

    Reproduction

    • Fecundity: number of offspring per capita in a given time interval
    • Parity: number of reproductive episodes
    • Semelparous organisms: single reproductive cycle before death
    • Iteroparous organisms: multiple reproductive cycles
    • Seasonal breeding: mating occurs during a specific time of year
    • Age of first breeding and menopause: significant reproductive milestones

    Trade-Offs

    • Principle of allocation: energy and nutrients cannot be used for multiple purposes simultaneously
    • Examples of trade-offs:
      • Offspring size vs number
      • Number of offspring vs parental care
      • Parental care vs parent survival
      • Longevity vs reproductive onset

    Examples of Trade-Offs

    • Offspring size vs number: big seeds in goldenrod plants contain more energy, but fewer seeds are produced
    • Offspring number vs parental care: more offspring means less per capita care, leading to lower survival rates (e.g., European magpies)
    • Parental care vs parental survival: investing more time in parental care increases mortality for parents
    • Longevity vs reproductive onset: early start in reproduction is associated with shorter lifespan (e.g., birds vs fish)

    Groupings from Life History

    • Fast vs slow species
    • Functional groups in plants (stress tolerators, competitors, and ruderals) based on stress, competition, and frequency of disturbances (Grime's proposal)

    Life History Speed Continuum

    • Slow life history: late sexual maturity, long life span, low fecundity, high parental investment
    • Fast life history: early sexual maturity, short life span, high fecundity, little parental investment

    Life History Traits

    • Life history traits include growth and development, survival, and reproduction, which can be influenced by environmental conditions and have both heritable and phenotypically plastic components.

    Growth and Development

    • Phenotypic plasticity: same genotype, different phenotypes in response to environmental cues (e.g., Daphnia clones responding to predator chemical cues)
    • Resource availability affects growth and development (e.g., lower body mass in frogs with limited food)

    Survival

    • Survival rate: proportion of individuals alive at a given time
    • Longevity: life span of an organism
    • Senescence: gradual decrease in fitness with age

    Reproduction

    • Fecundity: number of offspring per capita in a given time interval
    • Parity: number of reproductive episodes
    • Semelparous organisms: single reproductive cycle before death
    • Iteroparous organisms: multiple reproductive cycles
    • Seasonal breeding: mating occurs during a specific time of year
    • Age of first breeding and menopause: significant reproductive milestones

    Trade-Offs

    • Principle of allocation: energy and nutrients cannot be used for multiple purposes simultaneously
    • Examples of trade-offs:
      • Offspring size vs number
      • Number of offspring vs parental care
      • Parental care vs parent survival
      • Longevity vs reproductive onset

    Examples of Trade-Offs

    • Offspring size vs number: big seeds in goldenrod plants contain more energy, but fewer seeds are produced
    • Offspring number vs parental care: more offspring means less per capita care, leading to lower survival rates (e.g., European magpies)
    • Parental care vs parental survival: investing more time in parental care increases mortality for parents
    • Longevity vs reproductive onset: early start in reproduction is associated with shorter lifespan (e.g., birds vs fish)

    Groupings from Life History

    • Fast vs slow species
    • Functional groups in plants (stress tolerators, competitors, and ruderals) based on stress, competition, and frequency of disturbances (Grime's proposal)

    Life History Speed Continuum

    • Slow life history: late sexual maturity, long life span, low fecundity, high parental investment
    • Fast life history: early sexual maturity, short life span, high fecundity, little parental investment

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    Description

    Learn about life history traits, including growth, development, survival, and reproduction, and how they are influenced by environmental conditions, genetics, and phenotypic plasticity. Understand how traits can be affected by conspecific and interspecific effects.

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