Life Expectancy and Aging in the US

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between life expectancy and life span?

Life expectancy is the length of time a person born in a specific year can expect to live, whereas life span is the maximum number of years a person can live.

What are the three leading causes of death that were prevalent in the United States 100 years ago?

Pneumonia, influenza, and other infectious diseases.

What are the major factors that contributed to increased life expectancy during the past century?

Improved diets, housing conditions, and public sanitation, as well as advances in medicine.

What percentage of the U.S. population was 65 years of age or older in 2016?

About 15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population?

Americans who are the 'oldest old', 85 years of age or older. Signup and view all the answers

How many more years could a 65-year-old American expect to live in 1950?

About 14 more years. Signup and view all the answers

What was the life expectancy of a baby born in the United States in 1900?

47 years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected percentage of Americans who will be 85 years of age or older by 2060?

Almost 5% Signup and view all the answers

What are the leading causes of death in the United States, and what lifestyles are associated with them?

Chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, are among the leading causes of death in the United States, and are associated with lifestyles that include smoking, eating a poor diet, and being physically inactive. Signup and view all the answers

What is senescence, and when does it occur?

Senescence refers to declining organ functioning and increased vulnerability to disease that occurs after a person reaches physical maturity. Signup and view all the answers

What are some normal physiological changes that occur in the digestive system as a person ages?

Reduced saliva, gastric acid, and intrinsic factor secretion, and increased heartburn and constipation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current record for the longest human life span, and what do some scientists think can lengthen it?

122 years, achieved by Jeanne Calment, and some scientists think that making certain dietary changes can lengthen the human life span considerably. Signup and view all the answers

What are some changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system as a person ages?

Bone-forming cells become less active, resulting in bone loss that can lead to tooth loss and bones that fracture easily, and muscle mass declines, resulting in loss of strength and stamina. Signup and view all the answers

What are some changes that occur in the nervous system as a person ages?

Decreased brain weight, reduced production of neurotransmitters, delayed transmission of nervous impulses, loss of short-term memory, and reduced sensory abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'longevity genes' in determining a person's life span?

Having ancestors who lived to be very old or 90 years of age or more may indicate the presence of 'longevity genes', which can influence a person's life span. Signup and view all the answers

What is the final life stage, and at what age is it typically reached?

Older adulthood, typically reached by the age of 70. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells as a person ages, and what is the result?

Cells inevitably decline in structure and function with time, leading to cell death, organ failure, and eventually, death. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between living longer and healthy aging?

Living longer refers to increasing life span, while healthy aging refers to maintaining a good quality of life, free from chronic diseases, and maintaining adequate thinking abilities and positive psychological health. Signup and view all the answers

Why do older adults have a greater risk of nutritional deficiencies compared to younger persons?

Physiological changes associated with the normal aging process, such as decreased food intake, metabolic rate, and physical activity level, make it difficult for older adults to meet their micronutrient needs. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence an older person's nutritional status?

Illnesses, medications, low income, and lack of social support. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between age and the risk of developing a severe case of COVID-19?

The risk of developing a severe case of COVID-19 increases with age, with older adults (65 years or older) having the highest risk. Signup and view all the answers

What are some critical nutrients for older adults?

Protein, omega-3 fats, fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins folate, B-12, B-6, D, E, and K. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients do older adults tend to consume in excess?

Sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common nutritional deficiencies in older adults?

Fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, folate, and vitamins A, B-6, C, D, and E. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of MyPlate food groups for older adults?

Older adults should aim to meet the recommended amounts of foods from MyPlate food groups, such as vegetables, dairy foods, and fruits, to maintain a balanced diet. Signup and view all the answers

Why do older adults have a higher risk of dying from COVID-19?

Older adults often have pre-existing chronic health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, which increase their risk of dying from COVID-19. Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to address the nutritional concerns of older adults?

Prioritizing critical nutrients, reducing excessive nutrient intake, and consulting with a healthcare professional can help address the nutritional concerns of older adults. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging for older adults to meet their micronutrient needs?

Older adults need to consume the same or higher amounts of vitamins and minerals while eating less food due to decreased energy needs, making it difficult to meet their micronutrient needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of fruits in cups for older adult men according to MyPlate?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of older adult men who meet the MyPlate recommendation for protein intake?

46 Signup and view all the answers

What is sarcopenic obesity, and how does it affect older adults?

Sarcopenic obesity is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength combined with an excessive increase in body fat, leading to mobility problems and physical limitations in older adults. Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to unintentional weight loss among older adults?

Reduced ability to taste and smell food, difficulty swallowing, loss of teeth, decline in cognitive functioning, social and economic factors, and reduced mobility and flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

How can older adults who experience weight loss due to lack of interest in food improve their appetite?

Adding more spices to food to improve taste, and making mealtimes social events to enhance mental outlooks and stimulate appetite. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of dairy products in cups for older adult women according to MyPlate?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of older adult women who meet the MyPlate recommendation for grains intake?

53 Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of being overfat in older adults?

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and osteoarthritis. Signup and view all the answers

How can older adults increase or maintain their weight?

By consuming energy-dense snacks between meals, such as cheese, milkshakes, nuts, or oatmeal cookies. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for older adults to consult a physician if they experience significant weight loss?

To determine the underlying cause of weight loss and prevent further health complications. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical change associated with aging that can be improved through regular physical activity?

Muscle strength and mobility Signup and view all the answers

What type of foods can help older adults to have more regular bowel movements?

Fiber-rich foods Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why Carol Neumann, a 91-year-old woman, attributes her good health to?

Good genes Signup and view all the answers

What physical activities did Carol Neumann participate in during her teenage years?

Ice skating, swimming, and hiking Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise does Carol Neumann participate in at her local gym?

Walking and fitness class Signup and view all the answers

What advice does Carol Neumann give to young adults to help them live long and healthy lives?

Be thankful Signup and view all the answers

What physical activity did Carol Neumann's husband use when playing golf?

No golf cart Signup and view all the answers

What type of volunteer work did Carol Neumann do in her later years?

Helping children improve their reading skills Signup and view all the answers

What physical activity did Carol Neumann and her husband do in their early 70s?

Climbed Machu Picchu in Peru Signup and view all the answers

What physical activity did Carol Neumann do when she visited Egypt?

Rode a camel Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in stomach acid and intrinsic factor secretion affect vitamin B-12 absorption in older adults?

Changes in stomach acid and intrinsic factor secretion can lead to poor absorption of vitamin B-12, contributing to vitamin B-12 deficiency and pernicious anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common causes of iron deficiency anemia in older adults?

Causes include reduced stomach acid production, taking aspirin regularly, intestinal ulcers, and cancer. Signup and view all the answers

How can certain medications and dietary supplements affect older adults' nutritional status?

Some medications and supplements can interfere with the body's absorption and use of certain nutrients, leading to nutritional deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tooth loss and eating habits in older adults?

Tooth loss can lead to faulty eating habits, such as avoiding crisp or chewy foods, and can result in inadequate nutrient intake. Signup and view all the answers

What are some contributing factors to depression in older adults?

Factors include coping with chronic illness, loss of mobility, isolation, and loneliness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of digestive changes on nutrient absorption in older adults?

Changes in the digestive system can lead to poor absorption of nutrients, including vitamin B-12 and iron. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for older adults to report blood in their bowel movements to their physician?

Blood in the stool can be a sign of intestinal bleeding, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Signup and view all the answers

How can grapefruit juice affect older adults who take certain medications?

Grapefruit juice can alter the potency of certain medications used to lower blood pressure or cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of dental hygiene practices in preventing tooth loss in older adults?

Good dental hygiene practices, regular dental care, and avoiding tobacco use can help prevent tooth loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between chronic illness and depression in older adults?

Chronic illness can contribute to depression in older adults, which can lead to weight loss and nutrient deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the risk of depression in older adults, especially males, if left untreated?

alcoholism and suicide Signup and view all the answers

What two micronutrients might older adults not get enough of from typical diet plans?

vitamin D and calcium Signup and view all the answers

Who can provide personalized dietary advice to older adults living at home?

registered dietitian nutritionists Signup and view all the answers

What can caregivers do to improve nutrient intakes of older adults?

emphasize nutrient-dense foods, try new foods, seasonings, and cooking methods, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What community program delivers nutritious meals to qualified, homebound older adults?

Meals on Wheels Signup and view all the answers

Why should friends, relatives, and health care personnel monitor older adults' weight?

to indicate whether long-term food intake has been adequate Signup and view all the answers

What can family members do to ensure older adults' nutrient needs are met?

visit during mealtimes, observe food offered, and help with eating if necessary Signup and view all the answers

What three websites can provide information about nutrition-related programs for older adults?

National Institute on Aging, National Council on Aging, and Administration for Community Living Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for caregivers to have easy-to-prepare, nutrient-dense foods on hand?

for times when the older person is too tired to cook large meals Signup and view all the answers

Why should older adults be encouraged to eat at a senior center?

to share cooking responsibilities and eat with friends or relatives Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Life Expectancy and Healthy Aging

In 1900, the life expectancy of a baby born in the United States was 47 years, which has increased to almost 79 years in 2018.
Factors contributing to increased life expectancy include improved diets, housing conditions, public sanitation, and advances in medicine.
About 15% of the U.S. population were 65 years of age or older in 2016, which is projected to increase to 23% by 2060.
Americans who are 85 years of age or older are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population.

Healthy Aging

Healthy aging is characterized by avoiding chronic diseases, maintaining good quality of life, and preserving cognitive and physical abilities.
A strong genetic component is associated with human longevity, but lifestyle choices also play a significant role.
Healthy aging involves meeting nutritional needs, being physically active, and maintaining social connections.

The Aging Process

The aging process begins at conception and is characterized by predictable physical changes.
Physiological changes associated with aging include reduced saliva, gastric acid, and intrinsic factor secretion, graying hair, drier skin and hair, skin losing elasticity, and forming wrinkles.
Other changes include reduced muscle mass, bone loss, decreased brain weight, reduced production of neurotransmitters, and decreased sensory abilities.

Older adults have a higher risk of nutritional deficiencies due to physiological changes and decreased food intake.
Critical nutrients for older adults include protein, omega-3 fats, fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins.
Older adults tend to consume too much sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars, and not enough fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and certain vitamins.

Body Weight Changes

As the body ages, muscle mass declines, leading to decreased strength and basal metabolism.
Older adults often experience weight gain due to overeating and lack of physical activity, leading to increased risk of chronic diseases.
Sarcopenic obesity, a combination of muscle loss and excessive body fat, can lead to mobility problems and other physical limitations.

Common Health Concerns

Older adults are at risk of osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and osteoarthritis due to being overfat.
Social and economic factors, such as living alone and having a fixed income, can contribute to reduced food intake and depression.
Physical inactivity and digestive system problems, including constipation, are common among older adults.

Promoting Healthy Aging

Engaging in physical activity, such as aerobic and strength-training exercises, can improve muscle strength, balance, and emotional well-being.
Eating energy-dense snacks, increasing fiber intake, and staying hydrated can help maintain weight and prevent constipation.
Older adults should consult their physicians before starting a new exercise or diet program.### Maintaining Oral Health in Older Adulthood
Excessive tooth loss can lead to faulty eating habits and avoidance of crisp or chewy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, and meat.
People with fewer than 10 teeth consume less of the recommended amounts of fruits, vegetables, meat, beans, and oils compared to those with more than 10 teeth.
Dentures can enable normal chewing, but many older adults find them uncomfortable to wear.

Depression in Older Adults

In 2014, 15% of women and 10% of men aged 65+ reported depressive symptoms.
Contributing factors to depression include chronic illness, loss of mobility, isolation, and loneliness.
Untreated depression can lead to weight loss, nutrient deficiencies, and increased risk of alcoholism and suicide.

Dietary Planning in Older Adulthood

MyPlate can provide a basis for planning nutritionally adequate meals and snacks, but may not provide enough vitamin D and calcium for older adults.
Fortified and enriched foods, as well as daily vitamin/mineral supplements, can help increase micronutrient intake.
Friends, relatives, and healthcare personnel should monitor older adults' nutrient intake, especially in nursing homes or long-term care facilities.

Community Nutrition Services for Older Adults

Community-based nutrition services, such as Meals on Wheels, can provide nutritionally adequate food and support for older adults.
Resources for older adults include the National Institute on Aging, National Council on Aging, and Administration for Community Living.
Caregivers can improve nutrient intakes of older adults by emphasizing nutrient-dense foods, planning appealing meals, and utilizing community resources.

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Description

This quiz covers the trends and factors affecting life expectancy in the United States, including diet, housing, sanitation, and medicine. It also explores the demographics of the aging population.