Life Events Model of Stress
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Questions and Answers

What method does the Life Events Model of Stress and Illness primarily use for evaluation?

  • A checklist approach
  • A survey with rating scales
  • A semi-structured interview and trained raters (correct)
  • An observational study
  • What is one significant disadvantage of the Life Events Model?

  • It is easy to implement with a simple checklist
  • It requires training in administering and scoring (correct)
  • It is cost-effective and efficient
  • It requires minimal training
  • According to the Daily Hassles Model, what tends to have a greater impact on illness?

  • Major life events
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Environmental catastrophes
  • Daily hassles (correct)
  • Which concept refers to the study of the relationship among psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions?

    <p>Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common issue affects the methodological credibility of the Daily Hassles Model?

    <p>Neuroticism can influence self-reporting of hassles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is PNI primarily concerned with?

    <p>The relationship among consciousness, the brain, and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much role does stress play in illnesses and diseases according to Pelletier?

    <p>50% to 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the human immune system?

    <p>To protect against harmful external and internal threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune system provides the first line of defense?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics define the innate immune system?

    <p>It responds with the same intensity each time it is threatened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Life Events Model of Stress and Illness

    • Utilizes semi-structured interviews and trained raters instead of checklists.
    • Assesses potential long-term threats within their contextual situations.
    • Requires thorough training for administration and scoring processes.
    • Consensus among the panel is necessary, making it costly and time-intensive.

    Daily Hassles Model

    • Research indicates that daily hassles (e.g., traffic, noise) contribute more to illness than major life changes.
    • Shares methodological flaws with the Life Events Model, such as the influence of neuroticism on self-reports.
    • Hassles scales are utilized in health research related to conditions like asthma and fibromyalgia.
    • Sometimes combines significant life events (SLE) with hassle measures for health problem studies.

    Linking Stress, Illness, and the Immune System

    • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions, first published by Solomon and Moos in 1964.
    • PNI explores how stress influences 50-80% of illnesses, establishing itself as a validated field backed by numerous studies.

    The Human Immune System

    • Protects against harmful exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) threats, collectively known as antigens.
    • Comprised of multiple defense layers, including skin and mucous membranes that hinder bacteria.
    • Innate immune system offers immediate, non-specific responses without memory of prior invaders.
    • Adaptive immune system develops memory for specific pathogens, providing a focused response after initial exposure.
    • Activation of the adaptive immune system takes approximately 4-5 days following a new invader.

    Inflammation and Immune Response

    • Inflammation is marked by heat, redness, pain, and swelling, reacting to tissue damage or infection.
    • Neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, are first responders in the inflammatory process.
    • Phagocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes, engulf and digest invading antigens.

    White Blood Cell Functions

    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
    • Monocytes migrate into tissues, enlarging to become macrophages, effectively attacking pathogens.
    • Natural killer (NK) cells target and destroy "non-self" cells like tumor and virus-infected cells.
    • Lymphocytes include T cells (thymus-derived) and B cells, crucial for adaptive immunity.

    Th1 and Th2 Cell Balance

    • A balanced Th1/Th2 immune response is essential for preventing chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders.
    • Th1 and Th2 cells regulate each other’s functions, maintaining homeostasis in the immune response.

    Acute Stressors and Immunity

    • In acute stress, the sympathetic-adrenal medulla (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes activate, releasing catecholamines and glucocorticoids.
    • Norepinephrine temporarily boosts immunological activity, enhancing leukocyte mobilization and NK cell proliferation, preparing the immune system for potential threats.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the Life Events Model of Stress and Illness, focusing on the usage of semi-structured interviews and the role of trained raters. It highlights the potential long-term threats of events and discusses the disadvantages, including the need for training and the time-consuming nature of the process.

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