Questions and Answers
What method does the Life Events Model of Stress and Illness primarily use for evaluation?
What is one significant disadvantage of the Life Events Model?
According to the Daily Hassles Model, what tends to have a greater impact on illness?
Which concept refers to the study of the relationship among psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions?
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What common issue affects the methodological credibility of the Daily Hassles Model?
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What is PNI primarily concerned with?
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How much role does stress play in illnesses and diseases according to Pelletier?
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What is the main function of the human immune system?
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Which component of the immune system provides the first line of defense?
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What characteristics define the innate immune system?
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Study Notes
Life Events Model of Stress and Illness
- Utilizes semi-structured interviews and trained raters instead of checklists.
- Assesses potential long-term threats within their contextual situations.
- Requires thorough training for administration and scoring processes.
- Consensus among the panel is necessary, making it costly and time-intensive.
Daily Hassles Model
- Research indicates that daily hassles (e.g., traffic, noise) contribute more to illness than major life changes.
- Shares methodological flaws with the Life Events Model, such as the influence of neuroticism on self-reports.
- Hassles scales are utilized in health research related to conditions like asthma and fibromyalgia.
- Sometimes combines significant life events (SLE) with hassle measures for health problem studies.
Linking Stress, Illness, and the Immune System
- Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions, first published by Solomon and Moos in 1964.
- PNI explores how stress influences 50-80% of illnesses, establishing itself as a validated field backed by numerous studies.
The Human Immune System
- Protects against harmful exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) threats, collectively known as antigens.
- Comprised of multiple defense layers, including skin and mucous membranes that hinder bacteria.
- Innate immune system offers immediate, non-specific responses without memory of prior invaders.
- Adaptive immune system develops memory for specific pathogens, providing a focused response after initial exposure.
- Activation of the adaptive immune system takes approximately 4-5 days following a new invader.
Inflammation and Immune Response
- Inflammation is marked by heat, redness, pain, and swelling, reacting to tissue damage or infection.
- Neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, are first responders in the inflammatory process.
- Phagocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes, engulf and digest invading antigens.
White Blood Cell Functions
- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
- Monocytes migrate into tissues, enlarging to become macrophages, effectively attacking pathogens.
- Natural killer (NK) cells target and destroy "non-self" cells like tumor and virus-infected cells.
- Lymphocytes include T cells (thymus-derived) and B cells, crucial for adaptive immunity.
Th1 and Th2 Cell Balance
- A balanced Th1/Th2 immune response is essential for preventing chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders.
- Th1 and Th2 cells regulate each other’s functions, maintaining homeostasis in the immune response.
Acute Stressors and Immunity
- In acute stress, the sympathetic-adrenal medulla (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes activate, releasing catecholamines and glucocorticoids.
- Norepinephrine temporarily boosts immunological activity, enhancing leukocyte mobilization and NK cell proliferation, preparing the immune system for potential threats.
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Description
This quiz explores the Life Events Model of Stress and Illness, focusing on the usage of semi-structured interviews and the role of trained raters. It highlights the potential long-term threats of events and discusses the disadvantages, including the need for training and the time-consuming nature of the process.
