Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which materials are repurposed by Freitag to create their products?
Which materials are repurposed by Freitag to create their products?
What is a key environmental benefit of Dunlop's recycled Wellington boots?
What is a key environmental benefit of Dunlop's recycled Wellington boots?
Which step in the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) involves defining the system and its boundaries?
Which step in the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) involves defining the system and its boundaries?
What is the purpose of Inventory Analysis in an LCA?
What is the purpose of Inventory Analysis in an LCA?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)?
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Which phase focuses on the development of the first prototype?
Which phase focuses on the development of the first prototype?
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What is the primary focus of Phase 1 in the ski design process?
What is the primary focus of Phase 1 in the ski design process?
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Which activity is included in Phase 2 of the ski design process?
Which activity is included in Phase 2 of the ski design process?
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What are the two primary types of dimensioning arrangements mentioned?
What are the two primary types of dimensioning arrangements mentioned?
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What type of materials are included in the construction of skis as mentioned?
What type of materials are included in the construction of skis as mentioned?
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What is included in the final phase of the ski design process?
What is included in the final phase of the ski design process?
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Which bevel angles are specified for dimensioning special elements?
Which bevel angles are specified for dimensioning special elements?
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Which component does the motor holding plate not typically include?
Which component does the motor holding plate not typically include?
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In which phase does concept generation primarily occur?
In which phase does concept generation primarily occur?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the Grand Challenges addressed?
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the Grand Challenges addressed?
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What type of dimensions does the representation of internal threads include?
What type of dimensions does the representation of internal threads include?
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What is the primary objective of testing in the design process?
What is the primary objective of testing in the design process?
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In dimensioning arrangements, what does 'combined dimensioning' refer to?
In dimensioning arrangements, what does 'combined dimensioning' refer to?
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What is the primary purpose of the motor holding plate?
What is the primary purpose of the motor holding plate?
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Which option describes the arrangement of dimensions that does not involve both chain and parallel methods?
Which option describes the arrangement of dimensions that does not involve both chain and parallel methods?
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What is generally excluded when dimensioning special elements like bevels?
What is generally excluded when dimensioning special elements like bevels?
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What is the first step in the technical drawing process?
What is the first step in the technical drawing process?
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Which line is used to indicate the start and end points of a dimension?
Which line is used to indicate the start and end points of a dimension?
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What should be avoided when adding dimensions to a drawing?
What should be avoided when adding dimensions to a drawing?
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What is the function of a terminator in dimensioning?
What is the function of a terminator in dimensioning?
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Which of the following is NOT an element of dimensioning?
Which of the following is NOT an element of dimensioning?
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What is one of the main purposes of dimensioning in technical drawings?
What is one of the main purposes of dimensioning in technical drawings?
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Which of these components represents the actual measurement in a drawing?
Which of these components represents the actual measurement in a drawing?
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What is a key consideration during the verification step in technical drawing?
What is a key consideration during the verification step in technical drawing?
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What does the term 'Reuse' imply in the context of product lifecycle?
What does the term 'Reuse' imply in the context of product lifecycle?
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Which of the following best describes 'Remanufacture'?
Which of the following best describes 'Remanufacture'?
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What is the main aim of 'Refurbishing' a product?
What is the main aim of 'Refurbishing' a product?
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Which process involves using discarded products to create new products with different functionalities?
Which process involves using discarded products to create new products with different functionalities?
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What does 'Recycle' focus on in terms of material processing?
What does 'Recycle' focus on in terms of material processing?
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In the context of circular economy, which method is used to recover energy from material?
In the context of circular economy, which method is used to recover energy from material?
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What does 'Reduce' mean in the context of increasing manufacturing efficiency?
What does 'Reduce' mean in the context of increasing manufacturing efficiency?
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Which term refers to the process of repairing a product so that it can fulfill its original function?
Which term refers to the process of repairing a product so that it can fulfill its original function?
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What is one of the main goals of the DFE guidelines regarding material compatibility?
What is one of the main goals of the DFE guidelines regarding material compatibility?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the example DFE guidelines?
Which of the following is NOT included in the example DFE guidelines?
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In the context of automobile design, what is the result of substituting a steel bumper with an aluminum bumper?
In the context of automobile design, what is the result of substituting a steel bumper with an aluminum bumper?
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What is an important consideration when selecting materials for DFE compliance?
What is an important consideration when selecting materials for DFE compliance?
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When reflecting on the DFE process, which aspect is crucial for improvement?
When reflecting on the DFE process, which aspect is crucial for improvement?
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What is a significant drawback of aluminum when compared to steel in terms of sustainability?
What is a significant drawback of aluminum when compared to steel in terms of sustainability?
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Which strategy is effective for minimizing environmental impact when using materials?
Which strategy is effective for minimizing environmental impact when using materials?
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What does the reduction in weight of an aluminum bumper compared to a steel bumper signify?
What does the reduction in weight of an aluminum bumper compared to a steel bumper signify?
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Study Notes
Engineering Design and Material Selection Lecture 8
- Dr. Tino Stankovic and Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea are the instructors
- The lecture focuses on technical drawing: Dimensioning
Course Schedule
- Week 1: Introduction and Sketching, Case study: Health, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 2: Introducing Engineering Design, Case study: Health, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 3: Technical Drawing: Projections and Cuts, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 4: CAD: Introduction and Modeling Operations, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 5: CAD: Features and Parametric Modeling, Case study: Future Mobility, Lecturer: Dr. Tino Stankovic
- Week 6: CAD: Freeform Modeling, Lecturer: Dr. Tino Stankovic
- Week 7: CAD: Assemblies and Standard Mechanical Parts, Case Study:Health, X (45 min), Lecturer: Dr. Tino Stankovic
- Week 8: Technical Drawing: Dimensioning, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 9: Sustainability in Engineering Design, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 10: Materials and their Properties, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 11: Manufacturing Processes with Focus on Additive Manufacturing, Sustainable Materials, Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Kristina Shea
- Week 12: Material Selection, Lecturer: Prof. Kristina Shea
- Week 13: Review and Q+A, X (75 min), Lecturer: Prof. Kristina Shea
Learning Objectives
- Understand different types of dimensioning and when/where to use them
- Give and read dimensions in technical drawings according to norms
- Give and read simplifications for dimensions
- Dimension special elements (e.g., threads)
3D Model of a Mechanical Ventilator
- A diagram of a 3D model of a mechanical ventilator is shown
Mechanical Ventilator Main Parts and Functions
- Diagrams of the main parts and functions of a ventilator are shown
How should we add dimensions to a drawing?
- Diagrams of a round metal plate with various dimensions are shown
Technical drawing process
- 1: Choose the principal (front) view
- 2: Choose other required views
- 3: Draw the views
- 4: Add dimensions
- 5: Verify
Elements of dimensioning
- Diagrams of leader line, symbol, reference line, indicator of origin, dimension line, terminator, and extension line are shown
Example for Simple Dimensioning
- Illustrations of simple dimensioning on a metal part with measurements are shown. Avoid unnecessary dimensions
Dimensioning for... Function, manufacturing, inspection
- Diagrams linked to function, manufacturing, and inspection are shown
Dimensioning Process
- 1: Define outside dimensions
- 2: Define functional dimensions
- 3: Add required manufacturing dimensions
- 4: Add dimensions for inspection
- 5: Add auxiliary dimensions
- 6: Verify the dimensioning
Functional and Non-Functional Dimensions
- Diagrams of functional and non-functional dimensions on a bolt are shown
Rules for Dimensioning
- Diagrams showing rules for dimensioning on a square metal block, including specified measurements and an Ø8 diameter
How many dimensions have to be added for the dimensioning to be complete?
- A diagram is shown with 4 missing dimensions
Auxiliary Dimensions
- A diagram depicting auxiliary dimensions on a cylindrical metal part
First Example: Cover Plate
- Illustrative example of a cover plate design with related parts and measurements
Cover plate: functional dimensions
- Diagrams/measurements of cover plate with functional dimensions shown
Cover plate: outside dimensions
- Diagram showing outside dimensions of a round cover plate
Cover plate: functional dimensions
- Diagrams showing functional dimensions of the cover plate
Cover plate: manufacturing dimensions
- Diagram depicting manufacturing dimensions of the cover plate
Orientation of Dimensional Values
- A circle divided into sectors displaying dimensional values with angular measurements
Second example: motor holding plate
- Illustration showing a motor holding plate with its components (motor, housing, holding plate)
Motor holding plate: outside dimensions
- Diagrams and measurements of the motor holding plate, including A and B dimensions
Motor holding plate: functional dimensions
- Diagrams showing functional dimensions for the motor holding plate
Motor holding plate: manufacturing dimensions
- Diagrams and measurements of the motor holding plate, with measurements (e.g., A and B, and radii, angles, etc.)
Dimensioning of Special Elements: Bevels and countersinks
- Diagrams showing ways to dimension bevels and countersinks
Arrangement of Dimensions: Chain and Parallel Dimensioning
- Diagrams of chain and parallel dimensioning
Arrangement of Dimensions: Combined Dimensioning
- Diagram showing the combined dimensioning of different components
Arrangement of Dimensions for Internal and External Dimensions
- Diagram concerning internal and external dimensions for a component with measurements
Representation of Internal Threads
- Diagrams showing major and minor dimensions of an internal thread
Representation of External Threads
- Diagram showing major and minor dimensions of an external thread
Representation of Thread Run-Outs
- Diagram showing root and depth of a thread run-out
Connection of Threaded Parts - Hatching
- Diagrams showing connection of threaded parts
How many threaded holes are there on the shown views?
- Multiple images/diagrams in a column showing holes
Checklist for verifying dimensioning
- Several questions regarding dimensioning for verification
Checklist for verifying your technical drawings
- Multiple questions for checking and verifying the quality and correctness of the technical drawings
Drawing comparison 1
- Comparison of a couple of technical drawings, highlighting areas of improvement
Drawing comparison 2
- Comparison of two different technical drawings presented in graphical format
Which drawing is better?
- Comparison of two technical drawings
Case Study Mechanical Ventilator – Wrap-Up
- Diagram/ illustration of the several phases of a mechanical ventilator design (phase 0 - planning, Phase 1-concept development, Phase 2-system-level design, Phase 3-detail design, Phase 4-testing and refinement, Phase 5-production ramp-up), with notes/labels regarding the phases
Dimensioning – Wrap Up
- Bullet points regarding dimensioning of parts, and how it ensures function, manufacturing, and inspection
- The norms define how dimensions are placed and dimensions of drawings
- Verifying and validating drawings
- Using CAD tools
Exercise 8: CAD Drafting
- Details about a linear guide drawing from a 3D model. Create an unambiguous drawing
Environmental Impacts
- Images representing global warming, resource depletion, solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, and land degradation
Global Warming
- The radiation balance keeps the Earth's temperature in equilibrium
- Human activities are generating additional greenhouse gases (like CO2) in the atmosphere.
- The additional radiation increases the temperature
- Sea level, local climates, and ecosystems are very sensitive to temperature increase
- Global warming should be limited to +1.5°C compared to pre-industrial times
Global Warming
- Indicative carbon budget for 2050: 2 tons CO2 eq. / year / person
- Average carbon emissions: Switzerland: 12 t CO2 eq. / year / person; World: 4 t CO2 eq. / year / person
- ETH Goal: Net Zero for 2030
- Avoid, reduce, and compensate
"Doughnut Economics"
- Societal well-being is important for sustainability
- The center of the doughnut represents shortfall for people (e.g., adequate resources)
- The outside represents ecological overshoot (e.g., environmental damage)
- The goal is to operate "in the green" (balance human needs with environmental constraints)
Definition: Sustainable Development
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (“UN Commission on Environment and Development”, 1983)
"Conditions" for Sustainability
- Consider the earth as a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio-cycles
- Resources must be used in balance with the rate at which the Earth creates them (including fossil fuels)
- Toxic wastes, heavy metals, radiation, and other “molecular garbage” must be eliminated
Product Life Cycle
- Diagram showing materials, manufacturing, transport, use, and end of life (disposal)
Circular Economy
- A systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution.
- Aims to be regenerative in terms of material and energy consumption
Manufacturing and Circularity
- Diagram showing primary and secondary manufacturing processes, with a focus on circular economy principles (e.g., sourcing, preparation, feedstock creation, forming, finishing, assembling, disassembly, reusing, repairing)
Circular Economy – 9R Framework
- Strategies for a circular economy, involving refuse, rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle, and recover
Stokke Tripp Trapp Chair
- Design for a chair to grow with the child
Sustainability Aspects of the Kyburz PLUS II
- Maximum part reuse between different models (modular design)
- Use of 1st life parts for manufacturing 2nd life vehicles
- Multi-life concept for batteries (3rd life) and recycling-driven battery design (EMPA)
Freitag Bags
- Freitag bags are made from repurposed materials (e.g., truck tarps, inner tubes, seat belts)
Dunlop Recycled Wellington Boots
- Dunlop Wellington boots are made of recycled PVC, rubber, and polyurethane
- Old wellies are collected, re-ground, and re-manufactured to create new ones
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- Quantifies environmental impact over a product's life cycle
- Steps in LCA: Goal and Scope, Inventory Analysis, Impact Assessment, Interpretation
Software to assist LCA (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)
- Three measures for quantifying environmental impact: Mass (kg), Embodied energy (Joules/kg), CO2 (kg/kg)
- Includes sections covering eco-audit, materials, manufacture, transport, use, and disposal
Sustainability properties (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)
- Factors to consider: Recyclability, biodegradability, CO2 footprint, water usage, and energy consumption, including data for stainless steel.
Assessments: CO2 and Energy (Granta EduPack)
- CO2 footprint (kg CO₂e/kg): CO2-equivalent mass of greenhouse gases emitted
- Energy (Joules/kg): Energy required for 1 kg of material
- Distinction between life-cycle phases: Material, manufacture, transport, use, disposal
Example: PET bottle
- Diagram and measurements of a standard PET bottle and its use, which includes molding, filling, transportation, refrigeration, and recycling
Approximate Values for the Energy Use in Each Phase (without Disposal)
- Energy breakdown for civil aircraft, family car, appliances, multi-storey car park, and private house
Which "Eco Audit" (CO2) corresponds to the electric car (CO2)?
- Multiple diagrams of CO2 emissions per product, relating to an internal combustion and electric car
Design for Environment (DFE)
- Minimizes or eliminates environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle
- Maintains/improves product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts
- Integrates social-ecological aspects with conventional design factors (form, function, costs)
- Expands beyond production and distribution to a closed-loop life cycle (recycling)
Four Simple DFE Rules
- DFE design principles
- Use of recyclable and natural materials
- Elimination of unnatural or toxic materials
- Use of clean, renewable energy sources
DFE in the Engineering Design Process
- Diagram showing phases in the DFE process: Planning, Concept development, System-Level design, Detail design, Testing and Refinement, Production Ramp-up
DFE Process
- A multi-step process for implementing DFE: DFE agenda, identifying potential environmental impacts, selecting material guidelines, applying guidelines, assessing environmental impact, comparing to DFE goals, and refining design decisions/solutions
DFE and Material Guidelines
- Guidelines for sustainable material selection and use
- Avoid combining incompatible materials
- Properly label components, enable material separation for recycling
- Minimizing packaging and weight
Reduce Weight - Substitution of Materials in an Automobile Bumper
- Reduction of weight and associated energy requirements from a case study of a bumper replacement
- Using different materials (steel, aluminum, CFRP)
Practice-Oriented Course Addressing MAVT Grand Challenges
- Exercise topics: low-cost ventilators (health), electric vehicles (future mobility), sustainable skis (sustainable materials)
Case Study: Ski Design
- Example of the steps of designing skis (i.e., phases 0-planning, 1-concept development, 2-system-level design, 3-detail design, 4-testing & refinement, 5-production ramp-up)
Skis – An Engineered Sandwich
- Structure and materials of skis (fibers, wood, laminated structure for top sheet, and base and edges)
Impact of Material Selection on CO2
- Graph illustrating CO2 emissions associated with various ski material selections
LCA of the Skis Made at ETH
- LCA of skis made at ETH, environmental impact analysis, and comparison with industry standard, highlighting waste production analysis
LCA of the Skis Made at ETH – Reality Check
- Analysis of the carbon footprint (CO2) from producing and using skis, compared to factors like car travel distances/emissions, and transportation
Sustainability in Engineering Design – Wrap Up
- Summary of DFE and Sustainable Development, emphasizing DFE as a crucial component impacting the environmental lifecycle.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and ski design processes. This quiz covers various aspects such as material repurposing, environmental benefits, and the phases of ski development. Challenge yourself with questions about the specifics of LCA steps and design dimensions.
