60 Questions
The life course perspective focuses on contemporaneous risk factors in MCH research, policy, and practice.
False
The life course perspective examines the long-term health impacts of experiences, exposures, and behaviors over an individual's entire lifespan.
True
The life course approach originated in the early years of the 20th century in European countries.
True
The life course perspective suggests that our health is solely determined by our own life history.
False
The life course perspective considers the impact of our parents' life histories on our health.
True
The life course perspective does not consider the impact of our ancestors' histories on our health.
False
Exposures experienced in utero have no link to the risk of developing certain diseases in old age.
False
True or false: Exposures that our mothers experienced before our conception are linked to our risk of developing certain diseases in old age.
True
True or false: The life course approach to public health suggests that health and wellbeing can only be understood in the context of the experiences of one's entire lifespan.
True
True or false: The principle of human agency in the life course theory highlights the central roles of personal control and behavior in health and illness.
True
True or false: The principle of timing suggests that our health is shaped not only by what happens to us but also by when it happens, how long it lasts, and in what order it occurs relative to other events.
True
True or false: The principle of linked lives explains the notion of interdependent lives and how our health and wellbeing are shaped by the social networks to which we belong and our relationships with significant others.
True
True or false: The principle of historical time and place highlights the ways in which period, cohort, and contextual factors influence the life course.
True
True or false: The principle of life span development suggests that health and wellbeing are static processes that can be fully understood at any point in time.
False
The accumulation of risk model suggests that various intermediate factors between early life and adult health may all play roles in raising disease risk.
True
The chain of risks model refers to a sequence of linked exposures where one bad experience or exposure tends to lead to another and then another.
True
The chain of risks model states that each exposure not only increases the risk of the subsequent exposure but also has an independent effect on disease risk irrespective of the later exposure.
True
Risky sexual behavior leads to STIs, which then results in infertility, according to the chain of risks model.
True
Smoking may lead to early menopause, which in turn may increase the likelihood of developing heart disease, according to the chain of risks model.
True
The critical/sensitive period model is one of the mechanistic models that explain how exposures over the life course shape subsequent health.
False
True or false: The principle of Historical Time and Place focuses on the ways in which period, cohort, and contextual factors influence the life course.
True
The accumulation of risk model is one of the mechanistic models that explain how exposures over the life course shape subsequent health.
False
The chain of risks model is one of the mechanistic models that explain how exposures over the life course shape subsequent health.
True
True or false: The Critical/Sensitive Period Model suggests that exposure acting during a specific (or critical) period has lasting or lifelong effects on the structure or physical functioning of organs, tissues, and body systems.
True
There are four defining principles of life course theory.
False
True or false: Different outcomes have different critical periods, such as brain development having a critical period up to 5 years of age for certain outcomes.
True
True or false: The Accumulation of Risk Model suggests that as the number, duration, and severity of exposures increase, there is cumulative damage to biological systems.
True
True or false: Exposure risk can be independent, but the impact can be the result of the accumulation of these independent exposures.
True
True or false: Faster growth rate, presence of a stepfather, and war are all independent exposures that have a cumulative effect on earlier menarche.
True
True or false: Exposure risk can be clustered, and the impact can be the result of the accumulation of these clustered exposures.
True
True or false: Only promiscuous women and reckless teenagers have unintended pregnancies
False
True or false: Lack of awareness about, or access to, contraception is now one of the least commonly cited reasons for non-use
True
True or false: Rates of unintended pregnancy tend to be lower in countries with more liberal abortion laws
True
True or false: Social and cultural factors are not at play in unintended pregnancies
False
True or false: Married women are less susceptible to unintended pregnancy than other women
False
True or false: Not all unintended pregnancies are unwanted
True
True or false: Unintended pregnancy rates are highest in countries that restrict abortion access and lowest in countries where abortion is broadly legal.
True
True or false: Unsafe abortions are a life-threatening procedure that includes self-induced abortions, abortions in unhygienic conditions, and abortions performed by a medical practitioner who does not provide appropriate post-abortion attention.
True
True or false: Restricting access to abortion reduces the number of abortions.
False
True or false: A first-trimester abortion is one of the safest medical procedures and carries minimal risk with major complications occurring at a rate of less than 0.5%.
True
True or false: The four approaches to measuring unintended pregnancies yield similar results and there is a consensus on the best method.
False
True or false: The London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy is a widely used and extensively validated measure of pregnancy planning and intention.
False
True or false: Unsafe abortion can lead to physical complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and trauma to reproductive organs?
True
True or false: Unsafe abortion can result in maternal mortality?
True
True or false: Unsafe abortion can lead to financial burden for women, communities, and health systems?
True
True or false: Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse?
True
True or false: Addressing infertility can help mitigate gender inequality?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is a violation of girls' and women's human rights?
True
True or false: Reproductive health refers to the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters related to the reproductive system.
True
True or false: Individuals need access to accurate information and the safe, effective, affordable, and acceptable contraception method of their choice to have good reproductive health.
True
True or false: Unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, infertility, and female genital mutilation (FGM) are the four components of reproductive ill health.
True
True or false: Reproductive ill health includes morbid conditions such as infections and injury, as well as nonmorbid measures that directly contribute to adverse reproductive health outcomes.
True
True or false: The principle of linked lives explains how our health and wellbeing are shaped by the social networks to which we belong and our relationships with significant others.
True
True or false: The chain of risks model states that each exposure not only increases the risk of the subsequent exposure but also has an independent effect on disease risk irrespective of the later exposure.
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is almost always carried out on minors?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is a violation of the rights of children?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation violates a person's rights to health, security, and physical integrity?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is performed for hygiene and aesthetic reasons in some communities?
True
True or false: Female genital mutilation is practiced in select countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America?
True
Test your knowledge of the Principle of Historical Time and Place and the Three Exposure Models in Life Course Epidemiology with this quiz. Explore how period, cohort, and contextual factors impact the life course, and learn about the critical/sensitive period, accumulation of risk, and chain of risks models that explain the effects of exposures on subsequent health.
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