Life and Works of Rizal: Key People

• Reviewer for the Midterm Exam on Life and Works of Rizal

The Rizal Siblings

• Saturnina Rizal was the eldest child and considered the "hero's second mother."
• Paciano Rizal was the second child and known as "the big brother."
• Narcisa Rizal was the third child and called "the hospitable sister."
• Olimpia Rizal was the fourth child, "The sister whom Jose loves to joke about."
• Lucia Rizal was the fifth child, considered "The partaker of Jose's sufferings."
• Maria Rizal was the sixth child and "The confidant".
• Concepcion Rizal was the eighth child, experiencing "The hero's first grief."
• Josefa Rizal was the ninth child and "The Katipunera."
• Trinidad Rizal was the tenth child and "The feminist."
• Soledad Rizal was the youngest child and "The savior of Teodora."

Nationalists and Revolution

• Reformists were Filipino nationalists in the 19th century who sought change through peaceful means.
• Revolutionaries were Filipino nationalists in the 19th century who demanded change through force.
• Andres Bonifacio is known as the Father of the Philippine Revolution.
• Katipunan (KKK) was the foremost revolutionary organization in 1892, standing for Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
• Emilio Jacinto is considered the Brains of the Katipunan.
• Apolinario Mabini is known as the Brains of the Revolution.

Reformists

• Marcelo H. del Pilar was the greatest Tagalog journalist.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena was the greatest orator among the Reformists.

Art and Literature

• Juan Luna was the painter of Spoliarium.
• Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo was the painter of Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Popalacho.
• La Liga Filipina was a reformist organization established by Rizal in 1892.
• Ferdinand Blumentritt was the European best friend of Rizal and a Filipinologist.
• La Solidaridad was the principal organ of the Reform Movement in Spain.
• Indios Bravos was a reformist organization named by Rizal after a Wild West show performance.
• Pio Valenzuela was Bonifacio's emissary who informed Rizal in Dapitan about the Katipunan's plan to start a revolution.
• Maximo Viola was the savior of Noli Me Tangere and Rizal's travel companion across Europe.

Noli Me Tangere:

• Crisostomo Ibarra is the major character in Noli Me Tangere representing reform.
• Elias is the major character in Noli Me Tangere representing revolution.

El Filibusterismo Characters:

• Isagani is the major character in El Filibusterismo who represents reform.
• Simoun is the major character in El Filibusterismo who represents revolution.

Rizal's Literary Works

• "A La Juventud Filipina" was Jose Rizal's award-winning poem in 1879.
• "Mi Retiro" was written by Rizal in Dapitan in 1895.
• "Mi Ultimo Adios" was the last known poem written by Rizal.
• "Mi Piden Versos (They Asked Me For Verses)" was a poem written by Rizal for the Circulo Hispano-Filipino.
• "El Consejo de los Dioses" was an award-winning play written by Rizal in 1880.
• "La Indolencia de los Filipinos" is an article on the laziness of the Filipinos written by Rizal in 1890.
• "Letter to the Young Women of Malolos" is a letter written by Rizal to women of Bulacan.
• "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" is a book by Antonio de Morga.
• "Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años" is an essay Rizal wrote from 1889-1890, predicting the future of the Philippines.

Laws and Key Figures

• Redencion de los Malayos (RDLM) was a mysterious organization established by Rizal in 1889.
• Republic Act No. 1425 is known as the Rizal Law.
• Claro M. Recto was the author of the Rizal Law from the Senate.
• Jacob Z. Gonzales was the co-author of the Rizal Law from the House of Representatives.
• The Catholic Church was the religious institution that was against the Rizal bill.
• The main content of the Rizal Law mandates the inclusion of Rizal's life, works, and writings in school curricula.

Dates and Family

• June 19, 1861, is the date of birth of Jose Rizal.
• December 30, 1896, is the date of death of Jose Rizal.
• Francisco Mercado Rizal was the father of Jose Rizal.
• Teodora Alonso Realonda was the mother of Jose Rizal.
• Fr. Jose Burgos was a leader of the secularization movement and a teacher to Paciano Rizal.

Instruments of Conquest and Control

• Military force is an instrument of conquest relying on violence and coercion.
• Patronage politics befriends the rich to impose will on the lower classes.
• Divide and rule policy creates conflicts between barangays and ethnic groups.
• Religion uses "hypnotic" activities, images, and threats of punishment to maintain control.
• Plaza complex is the shorter term for convento-real-casa-plaza complex.

Accelerators of Nationalism

• The opening of the Philippines to world trade led to nationalistic, liberal, and democratic ideas.
• Increased education led to the creation of the ilustrado class.
• Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on individual rights and equality.
• Racial discrimination and Spanish Abuses caused humiliation and brutality and fueled revolts.
• The secularization issue emerged from the question of who should be the parish priest.
• The Cavite Mutiny was a rebellion of workers and soldiers in 1872.
• The Gomburza execution led Jose Rizal to dedicate El Filibusterismo to the three Filipino priests.

Forms of Opposition and Change

• Resistance refers to various forms of opposition, defiance, or non-cooperation.
• Rebellion is a more organized uprising against a colonial rule or oppressive regime.
• Revolution signifies a fundamental change in society, overthrowing the existing regime.
• The Philippine Revolution took place in 1896.

Ideas of Freedom and Change

• Reformists believed in freedom through reforms and liberty
• Revolutionaries believed in freedom through independence.
• Reformists believed in gradual improvements for change.
• Revolutionaries believed in drastic, radical, and immediate transformation for change.
• Reformists sought change through peaceful, gradual reforms.
• Revolutionaries sought change through armed struggle, direct action, and regime overthrow.
• Reformists demanded equality under Spanish rule.
• Revolutionaries demanded independence from Spain.

Social Class

• Most thinkers of reform belonged to the Ilustrados (middle class).
• Most thinkers of revolution belonged to the commoners (lower-working class).
• "Sa Aking Mga Kabata"is a poem whose authorship is now in question.
• "Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo" was written by Rizal in 1876, at age 15.
• "The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education" discusses the complementary roles of religion and education and was written in 1876.
• "A La Juventud Filipina" (Again) promotes education and enlightenment.
• The Brindis Speech was delivered by Rizal to honor Filipino painters in Madrid in 1884.
• "Himno Al Trabajo" was written in 1888 and glorifies labor.
• "A Las Flores de Heidelberg" depicts the town of Heidelberg.

Characters in Rizal's Novels

• Valentin Ventura is referred to as the Maximo Viola of El Filibusterismo.
• Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who used the pen name Taga-ilog.
• Rizal called the United States "The land of the free but only for the whites."
• Ramon Magsaysay signed the Rizal bill to make it a law.
• Rizal wanted to establish a colony of Calambeños in North Borneo.
• Indio originally meant 'native' but was later used to degrade natives.
• Ilustrados were the 'educated middle class.'
• Mariano Ponce used the pen names "Naning", "Kalipulako", and "Tigbalang".
• Mariano Ponce gave the title 'Mi Ultimo Adios' to one of Rizal's poems.
• Padre Damaso is the parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me Tangere.
• Maria Clara is the love interest of Ibarra.
• Sisa is the mother of Basilio.
• Salome is the love interest of Elias.
• Capitán Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos) is known as the father of Maria Clara.
• Pilosopo Tasio is consulted by Ibarra on community and politics matters.
• Doña Victorina is a social climber and wife of a counterfeit doctor.
• Lieutenant Guevara held Crisostomo Ibarra and the late Don Rafael in high esteem.
• Isagani is a Filipino student and leader in El Filibusterismo.
• Tales (Cabesang Tales) is the peasant farmer who falls prey to the land-grabbing racket of the friars.
• Father Florentino is the uncle of Isagani and a retired priest.
• Padre Salvi was a Franciscan friar who served as a parish priest of San Diego.
• Quiroga was a Chinese businessman who aspired to be a consul for China.
• Don Custodio was tasked to develop the students' association proposal but was under pressure from the priests.
• Juli (Juliana de Dios) is the love interest of Basilio in El Filibusterismo.
• Ben-Zayb is a columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper El Grito de la Integridad.
• Padre Camorra drives Juli into committing suicide.
• Tropical Climate - For Rizal, this is the natural cause of the indolence of the Filipinos.
• Indolence Caused by Oppression and Exploitation - For Rizal, this kind of indolence is deemed evil.
• Spanish Colonial Policies - This major cause of indolence is imposed by the foreigner.
• Lack of Nationalism and Unity - This cause of indolence is to be blamed on the Filipino.

Ideas for Indolence and Prolonging Governance

• Education and Industry/Liberty - This is the solution to indolence.
• Reforms and Equality - This is the answer on how to prolong the governance of Spain in the Philippines.

United States

• Rizal predicted that the United States of America would be the next colonizer of the Philippines.

Science

• Draco Rizali is a lizard named after Rizal.
• Rhacophorus Rizali is a frog named after Rizal.
• Apogonia Rizali is a beetle named after Rizal.
• The lighter invented by Rizal is called Sulpukan.