Library & Bibliographic Terms

• Bibliographic and library technical terms exist

Author

• One who creates a work (literature, music, art, film) and possesses intellectual property rights.

AWS (General Scientific Language)

• The scientific language is situated between standard language and technical language.

Connectivity

• The ability of a scientific work, argument, or theory to integrate and build upon existing scientific, social, or technical discourse.

Bibliography

• This is a list of books/sources on a certain subject or by a certain author with no record of location.

Library

• Collection of books and distinct from scientific and general libraries.

Anthology

• A collection of quotations without independent character.

Book

• A bound or digital collection of texts regarded as a book from 49 pages, otherwise a brochure.

Monograph

• A scientific book on a single topic or person.

Citavi

• Software for literature management.

Anthology/Collected Work

• A book with contributions from multiple authors, edited by one or more editors.

Definition

• Definition of a term that answers "What is?".

Patterns of Interpretation

• Structures that influence perception and thinking.

Decimal Classification

• Hierarchical numerical classification according to DIN 1421.

Double-Blind Peer Review

• Anonymous evaluation process for scientific texts.

Elaboration Strategy

• A cognitive learning method for better processing of information.

Explanation

• A statement or clarification of a term or process.

Outline

• Structuring a text into self-contained sections.

Glossary

• Alphabetical index of technical terms with definitions.

Gray Literature

• Works not listed in bookstores (e.g., term papers, reports) are usually not citable.

Publisher

• The publisher is responsible for organizing a collection of articles but not necessarily the author.

Title Page

• Preferred source for bibliographic information in a book.

Intersubjectivity

• The agreement of several people in perception and knowledge.

ISBN

• Unique identification number for books.

ISSN

• Identification number for serial publications (journals).

Catalog

• Location directory of a library.

Cognitive

• Processes of thinking, understanding, and knowledge.

Learning Transfer

• Applying learned methods to new situations.

Reading

• The process of cognitive information acquisition, provided that the brain understands the presented content and considers it important.

Literature

• The entirety of written and orally transmitted works.

Nominal Style

• Style with many nouns, typical of administrative and scientific language.

Paper

• Scientific article in a journal.

Paraphrase

• Indirect quotation, correct in content but rendered in one's own words.

Periodical

• Publication appearing regularly (e.g., journal).

Reference

• Literature cited as a source.

Type of Referencing

• Type of source citation (quotation or paraphrase).

Referencing Method

• Indicates the position of the reference: as a reference point in the text or as a footnote.

Referencing Style

• Citation method depending on the field of study.

Keyword

• Keyword for the content description of a book or text.

Independently Published Literature

• Independent works like books, journals, and newspapers.

Language Transfer

• Ability to transfer content into one's own words.

Keyword

• Relevant word from a title for indexing.

Technolekt

• Technical language of a scientific field.

Text

• Coherent written or oral statements.

Carrier medium

• Superior publication in which independent literature appears.

Dependent Literature

• Texts contained in other works (e.g., articles in journals).

Verbal Style

• A style of writing with many verbs.

Publisher

• Publisher is responsible for the acceptance, the production and their marketing.

Knowledge

• Stock of facts and knowledge is based on experience.

Science

• Systematic collection, expansion, and dissemination of knowledge.

Journal

• Specialized periodical for a scientific community.

Newspaper

• Periodical medium with general news.

Quote

• Verbatim reproduction of a source marked by quotation marks.

Journal

• Scientific journal that appears regularly and is aimed at a specialized audience.

Nomenclature

• Technical language designation system within a scientific field.

Prologue

• Introductory part of a work (e.g., in books or plays).

Nonfiction

• Informative or explanatory text without fictional elements.

Citable

• Literature that has been officially published and is verifiable and can therefore be used as a source.

Quote Worthiness

• Quality criterion of a source; indicates whether a publication is scientifically relevant and serious.

Bellesletrik

• Fine literature, also called "fiction."

Interpretative Patterns

• Sense schemata (figuratively: "drawers"); due to each personal life course, they have a formative influence on the perception of the individual. Genesis origin.

Metaphorical Language

• Image (e.g., a "sea" of tears) Metaphoric formation and use of metaphors as a stylistic device Neutrality-Impartiality Philology Linguistics Rhetoric Oratory.

Killer phrase

• Also, a killer phrase = an authoritative, ostensibly valid argument presented as a distraction from the actual argument.

Quote vs. Paraphrase

• Independent vs. Dependent Literature
• Bibliography vs. Catalog
• Abstract/Exposé vs. Summary
• Author vs. Editor

Protocol

• What is a protocol?
• Informative, summary factual text that records which process, when, how, by whom, with what result was initiated.
• Non-fiction texts versus fiction texts: factual texts are precise, accurate, neutral, based in reality, while fiction texts involve fantasy, metaphor, and hyperbole.
• Purpose:
• Documentation Information and working basis (as an aid for absent people to read) Memory aid
• Decision forms:
• Systematic structure(results protocol)
• Chronological structure(course protocol, instruction protocol, test protocol) Features of the Result Protocol(Language: accurate, concise Time: present, logical tensing: perfect Procedure: systematic by topic or agenda items) Requirements(Accuracy, clarity, factual neutral representation (no interpretation)) Structure(Head: Subject of the event, Place of the event, Name of the seminar leader, Attendees Main part: Topics, Results Conclusion: Special features, Date of creation)

Validation of scientific literature

• Reputation of the author or editor - are they associated with a known institution?
• Helpful to check: Author's homepage - especially if it is associated with an educational institute
• Relevance of the title
• Is the publication current to the relevant subject

More tips

• Format: Is it matter of fact or over the top?
• Back cover: Is it meaningful?
• Table of Contents: Is it well structured?
• Can it be found on Amazon and other online retailers?
• Is there a sample to read and get an impression of the writing style
• Are there references to check
• Is is with a recognized publisher and specialized
• Is it held in prominent libraries
• Are there reviews
• Has the book been double blind peer reviewed

Knowledge

• Consists of facts, theories, and rules available to people or groups that have a high degree of certainty.

Problems

• It can be incorrect or not proven/false
• It can be complete or incomplete

Scientific work

• There must be correctness of facts, a methodical approach, logical reasoning, an observance to quality criteria and consideration of scientific standards.

Factual objectivity

• Personal neutrality, uniformity, transparency, traceability and orientation to scientific criteria.

Science

• The ongoing quest to grow our knowledge through investigation and observation.

12 International accepted scientific standards

• Fairness Accountability, Objectivity Verifiability, Responsibility, Logical Argumentation, Understandability, Honesty, Originality and Relevance

Argumentation Triangle

• Thesis
• Reasons
• Examples

Understanding the Positions

• An Oberster Position is the main statement.
• In the middle is the argument, as indicated by the word "weil" or "denn".
• This is linked to a specific instance or collection of experiences.

Eco's Scientific Criteria

• The research must address a subject (Theme, Thesis, Problem).
• The text must introduce novel claims or present information in a unique manner.
• The research must appeal to peers.
• Ensuring traceability and compatibility

Pyramid of Knowledge

• Knowledge
• Information
• Data
• Signs

Additional Points

• Information transforms into knowledge through learning.
• Information is created when data is understood.
• Data is formed combining signs with an understood syntax.
• Knowledge becomes useful when it informs action.

Pseudoscience

• Statements made as fact without scientific basis, poor or no data and based on feelings.

Common Scientific Concepts

• Factual information presented in an accessible manner.
• Seldom makes references to outside works, geared towards general knowledge.
• Valued by community of academics, the goal is to deliver facts.

4 Main categories

• Informative Text
• Persuasive writing
• Literature text
• Directions; Instructions

Qualities of a scholarly text

• Exact terms
• No bias, emotion or analysis
• No slang, only proper terms

Technical language

• Sachstil is needed by the reporter with relevant skills from the author; a clear message on a comprehension level that is appropriate for the recipient.
• The importance of readers' interests and intent. A reader can't see in the authors head, can't give feedback or give further info.

Reader functions

• Techniques for fast comprehension of texts: Sequential reading, Cursory reading, Diagonal reading Point reading Reading technique with vertical wave movement.

Language

• Is a vehicle for human understanding though which misunderstandings can occur.
• Communication can be verbal, non-verbal or para-verbal. Because problems of understanding are common when people use words to mean the same thing PQ4R.

PQ4R is a method to analyze a book

• Preview
• Questions
• Read
• Reflect/Recite
• Review

Steps in Literature Research

• Establishing the scope.
• Naming key definitions.
• Doing research and looking for relevant works with analysis.
• Delivering results and present knowledge in an appropriate manner.

Defining an outline

• An outline structure's decimal outline is well established. Best to check beforehand with the professor, whether he prefers another outline form.
• The purpose of a definition is to outline, make text clear and improve readers' ability to find things within each document.

Structure

• Logic, completeness, appropriate sections, not overloaded with information.
• Page count in Roman and Arabic and no title page.
• No repeat of title anywhere.

Structure

• Introduction: Usually about 20% of the document, and can include a problem to be solved.

The main body

• This makes of 70% of the paper and gives definition, reasoning, analysis and thematic interpretation.

Conclusion

• Summary conclusions - 10% should present key details and an overview.

Foreword

• Often created by authors and designed to give supporting data on the topic. Usually before the introduction.

Intro

• About the topic and usually found at the start and necessary for an effective start.

Ideal introduction

• Captures thoughts, keeps attention, creates interests and actions.

Abstract

• An accurate, brief summary of a longer article that can include the thesis, methods and conclusions.
• This is to get interest, verify authenticity and make a document helpful.
• It must be accurate for language and time.

Exposé

• Explains why the work is, what is needed and what is to come, who will do it and what will be the overall aim.

Summary

• Offers key details and helps learning and understanding, this will be longer then a normal abstract.

Abstract

• Usually between 150 to 300 words on the topic and methods.

Exposé

• Covers structure of paper and usually 1 to 5 sides in length.

Summary

• Usually flexible and delivers ideas that are easy to read.

Backward search

• This means that you view the source listings that another source has used, helpful in getting previous and useful work done.

How to look forward

• See who is citing the source.
• See Google Scholar and other libraries data points.
• Downside is limits if a source has little mentions.

Importance of review - Backward

• The Relevanzprüfung describes the process of checking whether a source that has been found or information is relevant to a certain, used when there is too much information.

Review

• Is the content relevant and up to date
• Is it accurate
• Is the offer correct

There are three types of writing that can't be quoted

• Wiki articles
• Discussion Boards
• Social Media

What can be used reliably

• Monographs
• Scientific papers
• Government documents

Two types of literatures

• Self-contained literature: One document that is independent and published by itself has its own title and is easily found by search.

Definition

• A work that is part of a larger work (e.g., a chapter in a book or an article in a journal). is part of and has page numbers.

Knowledge based research

• Knowledge refers to understanding how to use sources such as books, online data and statistics and to have relevant knowledge .