LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Healthcare for RNs
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What is one objective of the session related to LGBTQ+ community awareness?

  • To promote only legislative changes in healthcare
  • To learn about traditional healthcare practices
  • To increase awareness of physical health issues primarily
  • To improve understanding of LGBTQ+ culture in a historical context (correct)

    • Why is cultural competency important in nursing practice for LGBTQ+ communities?

  • It helps in evaluating treatment efficacy
  • It enables better communication and understanding of patient needs (correct)
  • It is mainly a legal requirement for healthcare providers
  • It has no significant impact on patient outcomes

    • What is emphasized as a critical aspect of person-centred care regarding LGBTQ+ individuals?

  • Prioritizing family opinions over individual preferences
  • Focusing solely on medical diagnoses
  • Implementing a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment
  • Upholding and respecting patients' rights (correct)

    • Which standard relates to recognizing diversity in health needs?

    <p>Recognize diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document is part of the Action Plan related to human rights?

    <p>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is mentioned as crucial for providing effective nursing care?

    <p>Challenging discriminatory attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is NOT explicitly covered by the Action Plan themes?

    <p>Economic Policy Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RN in ensuring care for LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>To provide care that prioritizes cultural sensitivity and respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial misunderstanding regarding Josh's need for a bedpan in the surgical ward?

    <p>The HCSW assumed all men use bottles for urination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue does the conversation between Matt and the sister highlight regarding healthcare professionals?

    <p>The need for more training on LGBTQ+ issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is primarily illustrated by the HCSW's comment about Josh not being a 'proper man'?

    <p>Microaggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the RN's response to the topic of Pride reflect a common stereotype?

    <p>Perception that LGBTQ+ representation is excessive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did the transgender man face during his clinic appointment?

    <p>His appointment was scheduled incorrectly under a female name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the comment about treating everyone 'the same' suggest about the sister's approach to care?

    <p>Individual patient needs may be overlooked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the disparity in care experienced by LGBTQ+ patients, as mentioned in Matt's discussion?

    <p>Inequity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RN's reaction to the Pride news feature reveal about professional biases in the healthcare field?

    <p>Personal biases can influence professionalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health and social care staff in Wales report never having received any form of equality and diversity training?

    <p>36%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perception of Registered Nurses (RNs) regarding their ability to meet the needs of LGBTQ+ patients?

    <p>Only 13% feel able</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major barrier to healthcare access faced by LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>Increased levels of health disparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fraction of NHS staff reported hearing homophobic language in the clinical environment?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do 57% of Health Care Professionals not believe that someone's sexual orientation or gender identity is relevant to health needs?

    <p>Belief in equal health regardless of identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue related to hospital environments can create microaggressions for LGBTQ+ patients?

    <p>Gendered bathrooms and toilets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commitment does the NHS Long Term Plan include regarding LGBTQ+ health?

    <p>Tackling health inequalities for LGBTQ+ people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patient-facing staff have heard colleagues make negative remarks about LGBTQ+ patients?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge for RNs when addressing end-of-life care?

    <p>They are heavily influenced by the biomedical model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of spirituality can be particularly complex for LGBTQ+ patients in palliative care?

    <p>The acknowledgment of their specific spiritual needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Anticipatory Discrimination' experienced by older LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>Concerns over loss of control when accessing care services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do health and social care professionals often misinterpret the identity of LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>They frequently refer to them by their birth pronouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional response did a patient's mother express regarding her understanding of death?

    <p>Grateful that death was not frightening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might gay men and transgender individuals be uneasy about accessing healthcare services?

    <p>Fear of being outed in front of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did patients and their families often expect from RNs in terms of support?

    <p>To address complex emotional needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception may health professionals have regarding the family structure of LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>That they have non-traditional family ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when referring to a patient's pronouns?

    <p>Using the term 'preferred pronouns'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nursing care, which of the following is a significant consideration when dealing with LGBTQ+ patients at the end of life?

    <p>Understanding the dynamics of relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mary Louise Pratt's concept of 'CONTACT ZONES' illustrate in healthcare?

    <p>Spaces where cultures clash and misunderstand each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can nurses improve care for LGBT patients at the end of life?

    <p>By engaging in open conversations about death and dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about nurses' roles concerning end-of-life care?

    <p>Only palliative care teams should manage end-of-life conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a common bias in nursing practice?

    <p>Assuming all patients prefer traditional care methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is emphasized as important for achieving a 'good quality of death'?

    <p>Meaningfulness of life and relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical challenge faced by RNs regarding end-of-life (EOL) conversations?

    <p>Overcoming personal discomfort with discussions about death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theme aligns with the recognition of human rights within the Action Plan?

    <p>Inclusive Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for Registered Nurses (RNs) when responding to patients' cultural sensitivities?

    <p>Recognizing and adapting to individual identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a principle that must be upheld in nursing practice to address LGBTQ+ inclusivity?

    <p>Challenging discriminatory attitudes and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of 'Without discrimination' in nursing emphasizes which of the following?

    <p>Recognizing the unique needs of diverse populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document supports the legislative framework for LGBTQ+ rights in healthcare?

    <p>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cultural competency defined in the context of modern-day nursing practice?

    <p>An understanding of diverse cultures to inform care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue may arise when healthcare systems fail to recognize LGBTQ+ identities?

    <p>Misinterpretation of health needs and care delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Action Plan, which of the following reflects a theme addressing the participation of LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>Participation in Welsh Life: Culture and Sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law was passed to acknowledge the rights of transgender individuals in the context of gender recognition?

    <p>Gender Recognition Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the UK legalize same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland?

    <p>2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurred regarding blood donation laws for gay and bisexual men in the UK?

    <p>Blood donation allowed after a one-year deferral period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action regarding conversion therapy was announced in 2021?

    <p>Implementation of a ban on conversion therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the WHO remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders?

    <p>1992</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of Section 28 in the UK, which was repealed in 2003?

    <p>To prevent local authorities from promoting homosexuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislation aimed to provide equal marriage rights in the UK?

    <p>Marriage (Same-Sex Couples) Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marked the first known AIDS case in the UK?

    <p>1981</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant legal change occurred in 2022 regarding transgender rights in the UK?

    <p>Trans individuals under 16 can consent to puberty blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the RN's response about treating everyone the same present in terms of inclusive care?

    <p>It overlooks the unique needs of different patient groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the HCSW’s misunderstanding of Josh's needs reflect broader issues in healthcare?

    <p>It indicates a lack of training regarding gender inclusivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Matt’s statement about the care given to LGBTQ+ patients reveal about healthcare disparities?

    <p>There are systemic failures in providing equitable care to LGBTQ+ individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying issue does the RN1's comment about pride indicate regarding societal attitudes toward LGBTQ+ communities?

    <p>LGBTQ+ events are often misconceived as unnecessary displays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the HCSW's mistake in assisting Josh with his toileting needs?

    <p>Misconceptions about gender identity and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nurse's reaction to the idea of LGBTQ+ patient needs suggest about potential barriers in healthcare?

    <p>There is potential for dismissive attitudes affecting care quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception about the binary gender system is reflected in RN2's comments?

    <p>Gender identity is strictly a biological determination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the receptionist's response to the transgender man illustrate issues in patient care?

    <p>It shows a need for more training in using correct names and identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential result of anticipatory discrimination experienced by older LGBTQ+ individuals in end-of-life care?

    <p>Loss of control over healthcare decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly reflects the complexity of spirituality for LGBTQ+ patients in palliative care?

    <p>LGBTQ+ patients may face hostility regarding their spiritual needs during care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What incorrect assumption do health and social care professionals often make about LGBTQ+ individuals using their services?

    <p>They are primarily heterosexual and do not need tailored support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the experiences of older LGBTQ+ individuals affect their willingness to access end-of-life care?

    <p>Past discrimination may lead to distrust in healthcare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern for gay men and transgender individuals when seeking healthcare services?

    <p>Hostility or discrimination from healthcare professionals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might healthcare providers hold regarding the family structures of LGBTQ+ individuals?

    <p>They often believe LGBTQ+ individuals lack support from family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional challenge may LGBTQ+ patients face in discussing their end-of-life plans with healthcare providers?

    <p>Reluctance due to a fear of being misunderstood or outed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the role of Registered Nurses (RNs) in end-of-life care for LGBTQ+ patients?

    <p>RNs have a limited understanding of LGBTQ+ patient needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health and social care staff in Wales have reported receiving LGBTQ+ training?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about health care professionals' beliefs regarding sexual orientation and health needs is true?

    <p>57% do not believe it is relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What higher health disparities do LGBTQ+ people experience according to the statistics?

    <p>Higher rates of self-harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an NHS-wide survey, what fraction of staff admitted to hearing transphobic rhetoric?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following barriers is specifically mentioned as affecting LGBTQ+ individuals' access to healthcare?

    <p>Experience of microaggressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patient-facing healthcare staff reported hearing negative remarks about LGBTQ+ patients from colleagues?

    <p>44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the NHS Long Term Plan regarding LGBTQ+ health?

    <p>Address health inequalities for LGBTQ+ people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is indicated to feel least capable of meeting the needs of LGBTQ+ patients among registered nurses?

    <p>Registered nurses (RNs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for implementing standard infection control precautions?

    <p>To reduce the risk of infection transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories does NOT fall under transmission-based precautions?

    <p>Standard precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) according to the provided content?

    <p>Increased patient treatment costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases requires airborne precautions for infection control?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard infection control precaution is primarily focused on preventing contamination from patient care equipment?

    <p>Environmental cleaning and decontamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would protective isolation be most critical?

    <p>For a severely immunocompromised patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection control measure is primarily used to protect other patients from someone with a known infection?

    <p>Source isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would transmission-based precautions become necessary?

    <p>When an outbreak of infection has been confirmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Droplet precautions are necessary to prevent transmission of infections spread through which of the following?

    <p>Short distances via respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the impact of HCAIs on healthcare delivery in the UK?

    <p>HCAIs extend a patient's average hospital stay by approximately 11 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of robust infection prevention and control precautions in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To prevent onward transmission of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are contact precautions primarily characterized?

    <p>For infections that spread via direct contact with patients or their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of personal protective equipment (PPE) in infection control?

    <p>To protect healthcare staff from exposure to infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection control precaution is employed when the infection is spread without direct patient contact via aerosols?

    <p>Airborne precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of source isolation in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To prevent infection transmission to other patients and staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections would typically require droplet precautions?

    <p>Whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following patients would protective isolation be most commonly indicated?

    <p>Patients who are severely immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential aspect of infection prevention and control precautions?

    <p>Ensuring robust measures to prevent onward transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of transmission based precautions?

    <p>To supplement standard infection control precautions when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of transmission based precautions is specifically focused on airborne pathogens?

    <p>Airborne precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a standard infection control precaution?

    <p>Vaccination for all staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much do healthcare associated infections (HCAI) reportedly cost the UK annually?

    <p>£1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route through which cross-infection transmission occurs?

    <p>Contact transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do healthcare associated infections have on a patient's length of hospital stay?

    <p>Increases by approximately 11 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infection control, what does respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette primarily aim to prevent?

    <p>Airborne transmission of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of criminal law compared to civil law?

    <p>Preventing harm through deterrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary sources of law from secondary sources?

    <p>Primary sources include Acts of Parliament, whereas secondary sources provide commentary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the concept of necessity in healthcare ethical dilemmas?

    <p>Necessity may sometimes require breaking legal norms to preserve life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an essential function of public legislation?

    <p>Introducing social changes through extensive public policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the distinction between coercive and persuasive authority imply in law?

    <p>Coercive authority mandates compliance, while persuasive authority influences decisions without legal requirement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes civil law's primary concern?

    <p>Addressing and compensating for private wrongs or harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical decision-making in healthcare, what does 'drawing the line' refer to?

    <p>Determining the boundaries of acceptable practice and intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Law Commission play in the legislative process?

    <p>Reviewing and suggesting revisions to existing laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Acts passed by Parliament in relation to secondary legislation?

    <p>They allow departments to introduce secondary legislation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Ultra Vires refer to in the context of judicial review?

    <p>Actions taken beyond the legal scope granted to officials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the judiciary in the UK governance structure?

    <p>To interpret and apply the law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which court is primarily responsible for hearing the majority of cases in the UK?

    <p>Magistrates' Court</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of Stare Decisis entail in common law?

    <p>Rulings from higher courts must be followed by lower courts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the case of Pepper v Hart influenced judicial interpretation of statutes?

    <p>Judges are now allowed to refer to parliamentary debates for clarification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of secondary legislation commonly passed in the UK?

    <p>Statutory Instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body is primarily responsible for the interpretation of law within the UK legal system?

    <p>Judges in courts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical consideration is raised by Nurse Jones's decision to keep 6 cans of coke for herself?

    <p>She may have deprived patients of their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines criminal law within the healthcare context?

    <p>Laws that prohibit actions deemed harmful to society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the distinction between civil law and criminal law in healthcare?

    <p>Civil law focuses on compensation for damages while criminal law punishes unlawful actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of law is recognized as foundational in the healthcare legislative framework?

    <p>Statutory laws enacted by the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does legislation play in healthcare decision-making?

    <p>It provides guidelines that can inform ethical dilemmas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the principle of normative rules in legal frameworks?

    <p>They encompass laws that necessitate specific actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'binding upon the community' signify in legal contexts?

    <p>Laws apply equally to all members of the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does public policy impact healthcare legislation?

    <p>It determines the funding for healthcare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    LGBTQ+ Inclusivity and Visibility in Healthcare

    • Registered Nurses (RNs) play a crucial role in ensuring LGBTQ+ inclusivity and visibility in healthcare.
    • LGBTQ+ people face significant health disparities, including higher rates of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, self-harm, and suicide.
    • RNs should treat all individuals with respect, dignity, and sensitivity, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
    • The RN should provide person-centered care that is culturally competent and congruent with the patient's needs, embracing the diversity of LGBTQ+ communities.
    • Understanding the impact of microaggressions on LGBTQ+ people is essential for providing inclusive care.
    • RNs must be able to recognize and challenge homophobic and transphobic attitudes and behaviors within the healthcare environment.
    • LGBTQ+ patients may experience barriers in accessing healthcare, including discrimination, assumptions, and lack of awareness among healthcare professionals.
    • RNs must be aware of their own potential biases and strive to provide equitable care to all patients, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
    • It is vital to provide LGBTQ+ patients with a safe and welcoming healthcare environment.
    • RNs need to be aware of legal and ethical considerations related to LGBTQ+ care, including the rights of individuals to self-determination and informed consent.
    • Providing appropriate end-of-life care for LGBTQ+ individuals is essential, ensuring their unique needs are met with sensitivity and respect.

    Addressing Healthcare Disparities for LGBTQ+ Individuals

    • LGBTQ+ individuals face higher levels of health disparities compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts.
    • Statistics highlight the need for improved LGBTQ+ healthcare access and inclusivity.
    • For example, 36% of health and social care staff in Wales reported never receiving any form of Equality and Diversity (E&D) training, with only 5% receiving LGBTQ+ specific training.
    • The NHS Long Term Plan (2019) highlights the commitment to tackle health inequalities for LGBTQ+ people.

    Barriers to Accessing Healthcare

    • LGBTQ+ individuals are less likely to access non-emergency health and social care.
    • This can be attributed to various factors, including discrimination, fear of judgment, and lack of culturally competent healthcare providers.
    • LGBTQ+ people may experience difficulty navigating a healthcare system that often fails to recognize and address their unique needs.

    Importance of Cultural Competency

    • It's crucial for RNs to be culturally competent and sensitive to the diverse experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals.
    • This includes respecting their chosen names and pronouns, understanding their relationship dynamics, and being mindful of their spiritual beliefs.
    • RNs need to be aware of the complexities of gender identity and expression, recognizing that individuals' needs and preferences may differ from societal norms.

    Microaggressions in Healthcare Settings

    • Microaggressions can have a significant impact on LGBTQ+ individuals, creating a climate of fear, anxiety, and mistrust in healthcare settings.
    • Common microaggressions include using inappropriate language, making assumptions about gender identity, and denying the validity of LGBTQ+ experiences.
    • Addressing microaggressions is crucial for creating a welcoming and inclusive healthcare environment.

    End-of-Life Care Considerations

    • End-of-life care for LGBTQ+ individuals requires special consideration and sensitivity.
    • RNs must be prepared to address unique challenges, including anticipatory discrimination, religious and spiritual beliefs, and complexities surrounding family structures.
    • The RN should be prepared to support the patient's wishes for a dignified and meaningful death, recognizing the importance of relationships, self-worth, and legacy.
    • Recognizing the importance of chosen family and alternative support systems is key.
    • It is vital to involve the patient in decision-making about end-of-life care, honoring their wishes and respecting their autonomy.
    • Providing support and resources for grief and bereavement, particularly for those navigating complicated family dynamics and potential societal stigma, is crucial.

    Contact Zones and Power Dynamics

    • Healthcare interactions can be viewed as contact zones where cultures clash and asymmetrical relationships of power exist.
    • RNs must be aware of potential power dynamics and strive to create a therapeutic relationship built on mutual respect, understanding, and empowerment.
    • Recognizing the patient's unique experiences and perspectives is essential for providing culturally sensitive and effective care.

    LGBTQ+ inclusivity and visibility in healthcare – the role of the RN

    • The aim of this session is to promote cultural competency and congruence in modern-day nursing practise, with particular focus on LGBTQ+ inclusion.
    • Key legislation and historical context of LGBTQ+ advancements and rights are crucial for RNs to understand.

    LGBTQ+ in healthcare – the role of the RN

    • This session will discuss issues relating to LGBTQ+ inclusivity and visibility in healthcare, with the role of the RN in ensuring the delivery of gold-standard person-centred care.
    • The RN is central to challenging discriminatory attitudes and behaviours towards those receiving care, while upholding the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.

    LGBTQ+ rights: A Timeline

    • 1921: The Offences Against the Person Act attempted to make lesbian acts illegal, but was rejected by both Houses.
    • 1957: Homosexuality was classified as a “Mental Disorder”.
    • 1981: The first UK case of AIDS was reported.
    • 1992: The World Health Organization (WHO) removes homosexuality from its list of mental disorders
    • 2003: Section 28, which prohibited the promotion of homosexuality in schools in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, is repealed.
    • 2003: Employment Equality Regulations come into force, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
    • 2010: The Equality Act is passed, which includes protections for both sexual orientation and gender reassignment.
    • 2011: Gay and bisexual men can give blood after a 1 year deferral period.
    • 2013: Marriage (same-sex couples) Act comes into force, legalising same-sex marriage in England and Wales.
    • 2014: Same-sex marriage becomes legal in NI.
    • 2016: The Equality Act is extended to transgender people.
    • 2020: Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Northern Ireland.
    • 2021: Queen Elizabeth II announces that a conversion therapy ban will be brought before Parliament; Blood donation laws are updated for some men who have sex with men.
    • 2021: Trans people under 16 years old can consent to puberty blockers.

    Microaggression

    • A microaggression is an indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against a person or group, often based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, or other characteristics.
    • Microaggressions can be verbal, nonverbal, or environmental and can have a significant impact on the individual's well-being.
    • An example of a microaggression in the context of LGBTQ+ healthcare is when an RN assumes a LGBTQ+ patient is heterosexual or uses their previous name and gender pronouns without their consent.

    The RN as 'Death Professional'

    • Research suggests RNs often struggle with the concept of death and may perpetuate a biomedical model of care, which focuses on the physical aspects of death rather than the emotional and spiritual needs of the patient.
    • The RN is often the point of contact for support, advice, and reassurance for patients or their families or caregivers.

    LGBTQ+ healthcare barriers

    • LGBTQ+ people experience a higher level of health disparity due to various factors, including microaggressions, anticipatory discrimination and assumptions about identity and family structure.

    Anticipatory Discrimination

    • Older LGBTQ+ people often experience anticipatory discrimination, meaning they fear being discriminated against based on their sexual orientation or gender identity.
    • This can hinder their access to healthcare, especially end-of-life care.

    Complexity of Religion and Spirituality

    • Many LGBTQ+ individuals require spiritual support that is culturally sensitive to their needs.
    • Their religious and spiritual needs are often overlooked, leading to distress during an end-of-life care experience.

    Assumptions about Identity and Family Structure

    • Healthcare professionals often assume LGBTQ+ people are heterosexual, and may misgender transgender individuals.
    • This creates a hostile environment for LGBTQ+ patients, who may be reluctant to seek healthcare.
    • LGBTQ+ individuals don't always have traditional families, and healthcare professionals and policies must recognize the diverse ways identities intersect with family structure, including chosen family.

    Statistics on LGBTQ+ Discrimination in The NHS

    • In Wales, 36% of health and social care staff have never received E&D training, with only 5% of patient-facing practitioners reporting they've received LGBTQ+ training.
    • Only 13% of RNs feel competent in meeting the needs of their LGBTQ+ patients.
    • 44% of patient-facing staff have heard colleagues make negative comments about LGBTQ+ patients/service users.
    • 57% of health care professionals do not believe that someone's sexual orientation/gender identity is relevant to a patient's health needs, despite research that shows LGBTQ+ disparities in healthcare lead to suboptimal care and detrimental outcomes.
    • NHS-wide surveys suggest 25% of staff admit to hearing homophobic language in the clinical environment, and 20% have heard transphobic rhetoric.
    • The NHS Long Term Plan (2019) commits to tackling health inequalities for LGBTQ+ people.

    Disparity in healthcare access

    • Research shows that LGBTQ+ individuals are more likely to experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug misuse, self-harm, and suicide.
    • It is crucial to recognize that LGBTQ+ individuals are less likely to seek non-emergency healthcare due to a lack of trust in the system and fears of discrimination.

    Improving LGBTQ+ inclusivity in the ward environment

    • RNs should familiarize themselves with the action plan outlined in the session.
    • Ward environments must be welcoming and inclusive, including:
      • Gender-neutral bathrooms and toilets
      • Gender-inclusive language and policies

    Addressing microaggressions

    • Ward environments must be welcoming and inclusive.
    • RNs need to be aware of the impact their language and actions have on others.
    • Training for staff on LGBTQ+ rights, cultural competency, and microaggressions is necessary.

    The RN's role

    • RNs have a responsibility to provide person-centred care and to challenge discriminatory attitudes and behaviours.
    • The RN must proactively learn and recognize LGBTQ+ culture and sensitivity.
    • RNS should not assume patients' sexual orientations or gender identities.

    Key takeaways

    • RNs must understand the historical context of LGBTQ+ rights and the legal frameworks that protect them.
    • RNs should be sensitive to the needs of LGBTQ+ patients and strive to create inclusive and safe environments.
    • RNs should advocate for LGBTQ+ patients and ensure they receive the best possible care.
    • The RN has a core responsibility to advance equity in healthcare, with an understanding of the unique challenges LGBTQ+ individuals face.

    Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI)

    • Up to 5,000 people die each year due to HCAI in England and Wales
    • HCAI cost approximately £1 billion per year in the UK
    • Patients with HCAI cost up to three times more to treat than those without infections
    • On average, HCAI extend a patient's length of stay by +11 days
    • Infections contribute to antimicrobial resistance

    Standard Infection Control Precautions

    • Applied by all staff, on all patients, at all times, in all care settings
    • Essential for reducing the risk of infection transmission
    • Include:
      • Effective hand hygiene
      • Environmental cleansing and decontamination
      • Sharps safety
      • Personal protective equipment (PPE)
      • Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette

    Transmission-Based Precautions

    • Used when standard infection control precautions are insufficient
    • Based on the route of infection transmission
    • Types:
      • Droplet precautions
      • Airborne precautions
      • Contact precautions

    Contact Precautions

    • Prevent and control infections that spread via direct contact or indirectly from the immediate care environment
    • Includes the most common route of cross-infection transmission
    • Examples:
      • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      • Clostridioides difficile (C.Difficile)
      • Norovirus
      • Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

    Droplet Precautions

    • Prevent and control infections spread over short distances via droplets from the respiratory tract
    • Examples:
      • Seasonal influenza
      • Whooping cough
      • Group A strep

    Airborne Precautions

    • Prevent and control infections spread via aerosols from the respiratory tract
    • Examples:
      • Measles
      • Mpox (Clade I)

    Source Isolation

    • Previously known as "barrier nursing"
    • Protects other patients, staff, and visitors from a patient with a known or suspected infection
    • Patients are ideally isolated in a single room with ensuite facilities
    • Protects others from an individual with a known or suspected infection

    Protective Isolation

    • Used for patients who are severely immunocompromised
    • Patients are ideally isolated in a single room, preferably with an ensuite
    • Protects immunocompromised patients from other patients

    Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs)

    • Annual death toll from HCAIs in England and Wales: 5,000
    • Annual cost of HCAIs in the UK: £1 Billion
    • Patients with infections cost three times more to treat than those without infections
    • Average increase in hospital stay due to HCAIs: 11 days
    • Infections contribute to antimicrobial resistance, a global health threat

    Standard Infection Control Precautions

    • Used by all staff on all patients at all times in all care settings
    • Crucial for reducing infection transmission risk
    • Include:
      • Effective hand hygiene
      • Environmental Cleaning
      • Sharps safety
      • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
      • Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette

    Transmission Based Precautions

    • Utilized when standard infection control precautions are insufficient
    • Categorized based on infection transmission routes
    • Categories:
      • Droplet Precautions
      • Airborne Precautions
      • Contact Precautions

    Contact Precautions

    • Used to prevent infections spread through direct contact with patients or indirect contact via their immediate environment or equipment
    • Most common route of cross-infection
    • Infections:
      • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      • Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)
      • Norovirus
      • Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

    Droplet Precautions

    • Prevent infections spread through short-distance droplets from the respiratory tract
    • Examples:
      • Seasonal influenza
      • Whooping cough
      • Group A streptococcus

    Airborne Precautions

    • Prevent infections spread through aerosols from the respiratory tract
    • Examples:
      • Measles
      • Mpox (Clade I)

    Source Isolation

    • Previously known as "barrier nursing"
    • Protects other patients, staff, and visitors from a patient with a known or suspected infection
    • Ideal care setting: single room with ensuite facilities
    • Protects others from the infected patient

    Protective Isolation

    • Used for patients who are severely immunocompromised.
    • Ideal care setting: single room, preferably with an ensuite.
    • Protects the immunocompromised patient from others.

    R v Dudley & Stephens

    • Case examined the ethical implications of killing and eating another person in times of necessity.

    Relevance of Law to Healthcare

    • Blends theoretical (normative) and practical (positive) legal principles.
    • Healthcare professionals are accountable to various authorities for their actions.
    • The case highlights ethical dilemmas like a woman refusing a caesarean section and a police officer asking about a patient's involvement in a road traffic offence.
    • Draws a line regarding disclosure of risks associated with major surgical procedures.

    Criminal and Civil Law

    • Crimes involve actions that can be followed by formal proceedings, leading to acquittal or conviction.
    • Tort Law provides remedies for individuals harmed by the conduct of others.
    • Civil proceedings are used to seek compensation for harm or prevent future harm.

    Sources & Authority of Law

    • Authorities are sources of law that influence legal decisions.
    • Coercion defines laws that must be obeyed, while persuasive sources influence decision-making.

    Types of Source

    • Primary legislation includes acts of Parliament, secondary legislation, and statutory instruments.
    • Judicial decisions, custom, and practice also carry legal weight.
    • Extra-legal sources, such as the Highway Code, Europe, and the European Court of Human Rights, can also influence the law.

    Legislation

    • Public General Acts affect classes or subclasses of people.
    • Private Acts apply to specific localities or individuals.
    • Acts can revise existing laws, consolidate various laws, codify common law, collect revenue, or address social concerns.

    Function of Acts

    • The Law Commission reviews existing legislation to ensure its effectiveness and suggest revisions.
    • Acts can consolidate and codify existing laws, and introduce new rules.
    • Social legislation covers a wide range of government policies and often reflects party political differences.

    Ways of Making Law

    • Legislation can be created through a "bottom-up" (proactive) or "top-down" (reactive) approach.
    • Bottom-up approaches involve identifying policy goals and developing legislation based on those goals.
    • Top-down approaches focus on addressing specific problems, often through administrative solutions, followed by legal solutions if necessary.

    Secondary Legislation

    • Parliament passes approximately 50 primary Acts per year.
    • Departments and ministers have power to introduce secondary legislation, including statutory instruments, codes, and directives.
    • Around 5,000 secondary acts are passed each year.
    • Secondary legislation can be challenged through judicial review if considered "Ultra Vires" (acting beyond bestowed power).

    Judicial Interpretation of Statutes

    • Supreme Court hears about 70 cases per year, with 90% involving interpretation of statutes.
    • Judicial interpretation is viewed as a model of good practice.
    • Only judges can interpret statutes, their views being authoritative.

    Governance in the UK

    • Parliament makes laws, the Government implements them, and the Judiciary interprets them.
    • The Judiciary is independent and does not act for the Crown.

    Judicial Function

    • Judges strive to interpret statutes in accordance with the intention of Parliament.
    • Pepper v Hart allows judges to use Hansard (parliamentary records) for interpreting statutes.
    • Judges resolve disputes between parties.

    The Courts

    • The judicial system includes the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, County Court, and Magistrates' Courts.

    Judicial Decisions

    • The Common Law system operates on precedent (Stare Decisis).
    • Precedents are decisions in previous cases that guide future rulings on similar matters.
    • Similar situations, such as the Nurse Jones case, can be assessed in terms of legal, ethical, and nursing principles.

    Transferable Skills

    • Legal and political awareness.
    • Semantic analysis.
    • Research skills.

    Semantic Analysis

    • The example "Woman without her man is lost" illustrates the importance of interpreting language accurately.
    • Subtle changes in wording can alter the meaning significantly, as shown in the revised example "Woman, without her, man is lost."

    Defining Law

    • Law comprises rules, customs, and community standards that shape behaviour.
    • Laws are perceived as binding and enforced by authority.

    Normative and Positive Rules

    • Normative rules express values and principles, e.g., "Honour your mother and father."
    • Positive rules are enforced through legal systems, e.g., "Register a child's birth."
    • Some laws require action (e.g., registering a birth), while others prohibit actions (e.g., killing).

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    Related Documents

    LGBTQ+ Visibility in Nursing (1) PDF
    Transmission-Based Precautions PDF
    Introduction to Law in Nursing - Richard Griffith PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the importance of LGBTQ+ inclusivity and visibility in healthcare, specifically for registered nurses (RNs). It discusses the health disparities faced by LGBTQ+ individuals, the significance of person-centered care, and how RNs can challenge discriminatory attitudes. Understanding and addressing these issues is crucial for providing compassionate and effective care to all patients.

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