Lexicology and English Vocabulary

It is the scientific study of words.

It can be defined as a minimum free form, the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used independently to convey meaning.

<p>General lexicology and special lexicology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An orthographic word is a written word, while a phonological word is a spoken word. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an abstract entity that has different variants (also called word-forms) and a particular meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the phenomenon where the same word-form of a lexeme is used as different grammatical words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by positional mobility and internal cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A free morpheme can appear independently in a word or utterance, while a bound morpheme cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a bound morpheme that is added to a root to create a new word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A derivational affix changes the meaning of a word, while an inflectional affix changes its grammatical function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derivation, compounding, and conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process of adding prefixes to roots or stems to create new words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process of combining two or more roots or stems to create a new word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process of changing the grammatical class of a word without changing its form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a group of words that co-occur in a language in a way that sounds natural to a native speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The node and the collocate(s).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compositeness, semantic opacity, and grammatical inseparability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal idioms, adjectival idioms, and verbal idioms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphor, alliteration, parallelism, rhyme, ellipsis, hyperbole, personification, and comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are dyads or conjoined pairs, unrestricted as to word class, but normally occurring in fixed order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are lexicalized as idiomatic units, the order of the elements is usually irreversible, the first item is typically considered positive or dominant, and the shorter or monosyllabic word tends to occur first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are verbal constructions that consist of a main verb and one or two particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence or absence of a preposition or an adverb and the number of particles following the main verb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are multiword verbs that consist of a main verb and an adverb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are multiword verbs that consist of a main verb and a preposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are multiword verbs that consist of a main verb, an adverb, and a preposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are words and phrases that were current at one time, but that have passed out of use completely or are very rarely employed at present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are new words or expressions, or existing words used with new meanings, that have been adopted into a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inner circle, the outer circle, and the expanding circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>American English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by the use of the pronoun &quot;you-all&quot;, the use of the a-prefixing, and the combination of two modal verbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by a number of features, including a distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by a number of features, including a distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the variety of English considered the norm in an English-speaking country, usually associated with users belonging to the upper well-educated social classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RP is a standardized accent of English, while SE is a standardized variety of English.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a variety of language associated mainly with the lower social classes, characterized by the use of very informal and generally short-lived non-standard words, phrases, and meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the secret vocabulary of underworld groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous speech occurs when people talk naturally and informally, without having planned in advance what they are going to say, while rehearsed speech is prepared before it is uttered for an audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by features that are the consequence of their being produced in a more controlled manner than oral discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often a mixture of oral and written language features, and the extent to which one category of features is better represented than the other depends on the level of formality of the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often characterized by their brevity, their use of slang, their use of alphanumerics, and their informal style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by their synchronous nature, their use of slang, and their informal style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by their asynchronous nature, their use of a variety of language features, and their more formal style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process by which the meanings of words change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extra-linguistic causes and linguistic causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process by which the sense(s) of a word is / are enlarged or enriched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process opposite to extension. By it, a word with a wider meaning acquires a narrower meaning that comes to be applied to some of its previous referents only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process by which a neutral word either loses its original meaning and acquires a new, derogatory one, or it preserves its original meaning and develops a new pejorative meaning in addition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process by which the meaning of a word is shifted from one concept to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an implicit comparison of two entities, based on an alleged resemblance between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the sense relation holding between words that belong to the same morphological class and that have the same core meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are lexical units that would have identical meanings if all their contextual relations were identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share the core meaning, but they differ in shades of meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have the same notional components of meaning, but they differ in their stylistic reference or degree of formality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are antonyms that allow degrees of comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are antonyms that do not allow degrees of comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are antonyms that express opposite perspectives on the same situation or event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfect homonyms, homophones, and homographs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonetic convergence, semantic divergence, and conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific study of words, their meaning, structure, origin, and use in a language.

The smallest unit of language that can convey meaning independently.

Words as they are written, typically separated by spaces.

Words as they are spoken, with their sounds and pronunciation.

An abstract unit representing a word with its different forms and meanings.

The concrete form a lexeme has when it is used in speech or writing.

The study of words in a specific language, focusing on its unique vocabulary characteristics.

The study of the historical development of words and their meanings.

The study of words at a particular point in time, analyzing their current structure and meaning.

The branch of lexicology dedicated to the creation and writing of dictionaries.

The study of the origin and development of words. It investigates how words have changed their meaning and form over time.

A period of time from 450 to 1066 AD in the history of the English language, characterized by a predominantly Germanic vocabulary.

A period of time from 1066 to 1500 AD in English language history, marked by significant borrowing from French following the Norman Conquest.

A period of time from 1500 to 1800 AD in English language history, experiencing a major boost in vocabulary due to the Renaissance, exploration, and scientific discovery.

A period of time from 1800 onwards in English language history characterized by rapid expansion of scientific vocabulary, growth of American English, and emergence of new English varieties.

Colorfully descriptive phrases often involving compound words, used in Old English to express a concept. For example, "whale-road" for "sea".

Words that are formed by translating words from another language word-for-word. For example, "superman" is a calque of the German "Ubermensch".

The gradual shift in how words are stressed within a language, leading to the loss of inflections in Old English.

The process of borrowing words from one language into another through direct contact and cultural influence.

The process of borrowing words through intermediary languages, where a word might travel from one language to another and then to English. For example, "coffee" came to English through Dutch from Arabic.

Latin influence on English, mainly through the introduction of religious, legal, and scientific terms.

Scandinavian influence on English, primarily through place names, proper names, and everyday vocabulary.

Words borrowed from Greek, often used in scientific and technical fields.

The most extensive influence on the English vocabulary, mainly through the Norman Conquest.

Words borrowed into English from other European languages, reflecting cultural exchange and influence.

Words adopted from non-European languages, reflecting cultural and historical encounters.

The process of words borrowed into English adapting to the phonology, orthography, and morphology of the recipient language.

Words that have been fully integrated into the English language, losing their foreign character.

Words that have retained their original form and characteristics from the language of origin.

Words that are borrowed into English from other languages and then undergo various changes, such as spelling or pronunciation, but not fully.

Words borrowed from other languages that are considered more formal and academic.

Words borrowed from other languages that are used in everyday speech and informal contexts.

New words coined or invented to fill a gap in the vocabulary. These words might become part of the language or remain as nonce words.

Words that are no longer used in a language, either because they have become obsolete or have been replaced by synonyms.

Words coined for a specific occasion and not typically used in general vocabulary.