Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a defining feature of ancient dictionaries?
What is a defining feature of ancient dictionaries?
- They provided translations between two languages. (correct)
- They were arranged alphabetically.
- They grouped words by semantic fields.
- They were comprehensive and included all words of a language.
What distinguishes medieval dictionaries from ancient dictionaries?
What distinguishes medieval dictionaries from ancient dictionaries?
- Medieval dictionaries grouped words by semantic fields like farming or fruits. (correct)
- Medieval dictionaries only provided translations between languages.
- Medieval dictionaries were comprehensive and included most words of a language.
- Medieval dictionaries were the first alphabetical dictionaries.
Robert Cawdrey's "A Table Alphabeticall" (1604) introduced which innovation?
Robert Cawdrey's "A Table Alphabeticall" (1604) introduced which innovation?
- The first semantic field-based dictionary in English.
- The first comprehensive English dictionary.
- The first alphabetical dictionary in English. (correct)
- The first bilingual glossary for English.
Which of the following best describes the term "lexicography" as it is used in the lecture?
Which of the following best describes the term "lexicography" as it is used in the lecture?
According to the lecture, what is a key difference between ancient and medieval dictionaries?
According to the lecture, what is a key difference between ancient and medieval dictionaries?
Who compiled the first dictionary to cover commonly used words?
Who compiled the first dictionary to cover commonly used words?
What was a key feature included in Johnson's Dictionary?
What was a key feature included in Johnson's Dictionary?
Which dictionary is known for popularizing American spellings?
Which dictionary is known for popularizing American spellings?
What was the primary content focus of Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary?
What was the primary content focus of Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary?
How many entries did Samuel Johnson's Dictionary contain?
How many entries did Samuel Johnson's Dictionary contain?
What was the original distinction between 'beer' and 'ale'?
What was the original distinction between 'beer' and 'ale'?
In modern usage, how is 'ale' perceived when used at a dining table?
In modern usage, how is 'ale' perceived when used at a dining table?
What are the main components of the properties of a dictionary mentioned?
What are the main components of the properties of a dictionary mentioned?
What does the term 'Encoding' refer to in language learning?
What does the term 'Encoding' refer to in language learning?
How is the user group for the discussed dictionary primarily characterized?
How is the user group for the discussed dictionary primarily characterized?
What historical change occurred regarding the term 'beer' by the 16th century?
What historical change occurred regarding the term 'beer' by the 16th century?
Which adjective is commonly used to describe types of ale?
Which adjective is commonly used to describe types of ale?
What type of dictionary is suggested by its properties in the content?
What type of dictionary is suggested by its properties in the content?
What is one primary focus of learner’s dictionaries?
What is one primary focus of learner’s dictionaries?
What is a potential drawback of including etymologies in dictionaries?
What is a potential drawback of including etymologies in dictionaries?
How might a lexicographer differentiate between polysemy and homonymy?
How might a lexicographer differentiate between polysemy and homonymy?
Which statement about collegiate dictionaries is true?
Which statement about collegiate dictionaries is true?
What is a characteristic of etymologies in dictionaries?
What is a characteristic of etymologies in dictionaries?
What does the phrase 'be left holding the baby' imply?
What does the phrase 'be left holding the baby' imply?
What does the expression 'throw the baby out with the bathwater' mean?
What does the expression 'throw the baby out with the bathwater' mean?
Which term describes vegetables that are very small versions of specific types?
Which term describes vegetables that are very small versions of specific types?
What is a characteristic of learner’s dictionaries compared to general dictionaries?
What is a characteristic of learner’s dictionaries compared to general dictionaries?
Why might some dictionaries avoid listing etymologies?
Why might some dictionaries avoid listing etymologies?
What does 'babyish' refer to in the context of treating someone?
What does 'babyish' refer to in the context of treating someone?
What aspect of vocabulary do learner's dictionaries primarily focus on?
What aspect of vocabulary do learner's dictionaries primarily focus on?
How does 'babyhood' function in the context given?
How does 'babyhood' function in the context given?
What type of dictionary covers multiple languages?
What type of dictionary covers multiple languages?
Which dictionary is specifically designed for younger children?
Which dictionary is specifically designed for younger children?
What is a common characteristic of a standard dictionary edition?
What is a common characteristic of a standard dictionary edition?
Which of the following best describes a pocket edition dictionary?
Which of the following best describes a pocket edition dictionary?
What is an advantage of a web-based dictionary?
What is an advantage of a web-based dictionary?
Which type of dictionary is primarily aimed at learners of a specific language?
Which type of dictionary is primarily aimed at learners of a specific language?
What formula best describes the word-to-meaning organization of a dictionary?
What formula best describes the word-to-meaning organization of a dictionary?
Which dictionary property provides coverage of cultural and encyclopedic meanings?
Which dictionary property provides coverage of cultural and encyclopedic meanings?
Which of the following is a feature of bilingual dictionaries?
Which of the following is a feature of bilingual dictionaries?
What characterizes a terminology dictionary?
What characterizes a terminology dictionary?
Flashcards
Lexicography
Lexicography
The writing and study of dictionaries.
Historical Overview
Historical Overview
The development of dictionaries from ancient to modern times.
Bilingual Glossaries
Bilingual Glossaries
Early dictionaries that provided translations between two languages.
Monoglot Dictionaries
Monoglot Dictionaries
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A Table Alphabeticall
A Table Alphabeticall
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John Kersey's Dictionary
John Kersey's Dictionary
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Nathaniel Bailey's Dictionary
Nathaniel Bailey's Dictionary
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Samuel Johnson's Dictionary
Samuel Johnson's Dictionary
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Features of Johnson's Dictionary
Features of Johnson's Dictionary
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Noah Webster's Dictionary
Noah Webster's Dictionary
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Monolingual Dictionary
Monolingual Dictionary
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Bilingual Dictionary
Bilingual Dictionary
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Bidirectional Dictionary
Bidirectional Dictionary
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Multilingual Dictionary
Multilingual Dictionary
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Encyclopaedic Dictionary
Encyclopaedic Dictionary
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Concise Dictionary
Concise Dictionary
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Electronic Dictionary
Electronic Dictionary
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Word to Meaning Organization
Word to Meaning Organization
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Usage Guides
Usage Guides
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Abridged Version
Abridged Version
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Etymologies
Etymologies
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Decoding/Encoding
Decoding/Encoding
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Polysemy vs Homonymy
Polysemy vs Homonymy
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Learner’s dictionary
Learner’s dictionary
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Lexicographer's decision
Lexicographer's decision
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Be left holding the baby
Be left holding the baby
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Throw the baby out with the bathwater
Throw the baby out with the bathwater
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Baby vegetables
Baby vegetables
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Babyish
Babyish
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Babyhood
Babyhood
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Learner's dictionaries
Learner's dictionaries
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Collocations
Collocations
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CEFR level
CEFR level
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Origins of 'beer' and 'ale'
Origins of 'beer' and 'ale'
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Distinction of beer
Distinction of beer
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Current use of 'beer'
Current use of 'beer'
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Use of 'ale'
Use of 'ale'
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Language: Monolingual dictionary
Language: Monolingual dictionary
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Dictionary coverage
Dictionary coverage
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Dictionary organization
Dictionary organization
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Usage of dictionaries
Usage of dictionaries
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Study Notes
Lexicography Introduction
- Lexicography is the writing of dictionaries, or the study of dictionaries.
- The term has two meanings: the compilation of dictionaries and the study of dictionaries.
Today's Lecture
- Introduction and History
- Dictionary design
- Learner's dictionaries
1. Introduction and History
-
Historical overview (Beginnings):
- Ancient dictionaries were mainly bilingual glossaries, providing translations between languages.
- These were not comprehensive or systematic.
- Medieval dictionaries were often organized around semantic fields (e.g., farming, fruits) instead of alphabetically.
- Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1604) is considered the first alphabetic dictionary, but not comprehensive. It focused on difficult or obscure words, often of Latin origin.
-
Historical overview (18th Century):
- 1702: John Kersey's A New English Dictionary: Earliest known dictionary to include commonly used words.
- 1721: Nathaniel Bailey's An Universal Etymological English Dictionary: Popular dictionary of the 18th century. A monolingual dictionary of common words.
- 1755: Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language: Widely recognized as one of the greatest academic achievements, with approximately 40,000 entries and 100,000 quotations. Compiled between 1746 and 1755.
-
Historical overview (19th Century):
- 1828: Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language: Popularized American spellings (e.g., center/colour). Multiple editions, reaching 476,000 entries in the 3rd edition.
-
Historical overview (20th Century-Present):
- 1857: James Murray began compiling the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (OED). Published from 1884 to 1928. Contains over 400,000 entries and 2.4 million quotations.
- Continued updates, including computerised editions, and frequency-based organization.
2. Dictionary Design
- Properties:
- Language (e.g. monolingual, bilingual)
- Coverage (e.g. general language, area of specific knowledge)
- Size (e.g. standard edition, pocket edition, concise)
- Medium (e.g. print, electronic)
- Organisation (e.g. word to meaning, word to meaning to word, frequency)
- User's language(s)
- User's skills (e.g. native speakers, language learners)
- What the dictionary is used for (e.g. decoding, encoding, research)
3. Learner's Dictionaries
- Expectations:
- Different from general dictionaries in terms of completeness, language difficulty, and other features
- Emphasize practicality and user-friendliness, especially for learners.
- Features:
- Include essential vocabulary (common words)
- Pronunciation information, grammar and vocabulary explanations
- Frequency of usage information or order words according to usage.
- Authentic examples and collocations.
- Often with illustrations, clear structure, and grammatical information.
- Level based for different learners from a beginner to proficient level.
- Excludes some features like etymology found in general dictionaries
2. Macrostructure
- Defines a dictionary's overall structure
- Includes different types of lexical items (words, phrases, abbreviations).
- Describes "how to use" sections as well as organization patterns for words
- Order of words
- Types of entries (e.g. proper names, slang)
2. Microstructure
- Focuses on the structure and components within each individual dictionary entry.
- Explains navigation of the entry, including:
- Lemma headword
- Pronunciation
- Variants
- Frequency markers
- Inflected forms
- Etymology
2. Types of Definitions
Describes different types of information provided within an entry of a dictionary, including:
- Analytical definition
- Functional definition
- Synonym
- Encyclopedic definition
- Example
- Rule-based definition
Quiz Questions:
- Why do learner's dictionaries exclude etymologies?
- How do lexicographers decide on polysemy vs. homonymy?
Keywords
- Decoding
- Encoding
- Johnson's Dictionary
- Learner's Dictionary
- Lexicography
- Macrostructure
- Merriam-Webster
- Microstructure
- Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
- Oxford English Dictionary
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Description
Test your knowledge on the evolution of dictionaries from ancient to medieval times, focusing on key contributions like Robert Cawdrey's 'A Table Alphabeticall'. This quiz covers important features, innovations, and influential figures in lexicography.
