Questions and Answers
What is the electron arrangement of an oxygen atom?
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
True
What is the formula of the covalent molecule formed by two oxygen atoms?
O2
Each oxygen atom contributes ___ electrons for sharing.
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Match the following compounds with their type of bond:
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How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?
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A stable octet electron arrangement is achieved by having 8 valence electrons.
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What is the electron arrangement of a carbon atom?
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A covalent compound with the formula ___ is formed during the reaction of carbon with oxygen.
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What is the primary characteristic of an ionic bond?
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Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between non-metal atoms.
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Define the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.
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Ionic compounds generally have _____ melting and boiling points compared to covalent compounds.
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Match the following properties with their type of bond:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding ionic compounds?
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Covalent bonds are typically formed between metal atoms.
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What is formed when an ionic bond is created between a metal atom and a non-metal atom?
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Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?
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A single covalent bond occurs when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
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What is an example of a molecule that contains a double covalent bond?
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In a covalent bond, each atom contributes ______ electron(s) for sharing in a single bond.
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Match the following molecules with the type of bond they form:
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Hydrogen chloride (HCl) contains a double covalent bond.
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What is the general purpose of forming covalent bonds?
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The molecule ______ consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded through a single covalent bond.
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Study Notes
Electron Arrangement and Lewis Structures
- Valence electrons play a crucial role in forming chemical bonds.
- Atoms aim to achieve stable electron configurations, often following the octet rule (8 electrons) or duplet rule (2 electrons for lighter elements like hydrogen).
Similarities between Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Both bond types involve only valence electrons.
- Atoms strive for stable electron arrangements: either a duplet or octet.
Differences between Ionic and Covalent Bonds
-
Ionic Bond:
- Involves the transfer of electrons.
- Occurs between metal and non-metal atoms.
- Results in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions.
- Generally has high melting and boiling points due to strong attraction forces.
-
Covalent Bond:
- Involves the sharing of electrons.
- Takes place between non-metal atoms.
- Forms neutral molecules rather than ions.
- Typically exhibits lower melting and boiling points due to weaker attraction forces.
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
-
Ionic Compounds:
- Formed through ionic bonds and usually result in the creation of salts.
-
Covalent Compounds:
- Formed through covalent bonds; an example is ammonia (NH3).
Formation of Covalent Molecules
-
Oxygen Molecule (O2):
- Oxygen’s proton number is 8, with an electron arrangement of 2.6.
- Each oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons and contributes 2 for sharing.
- Two oxygen atoms share 2 electrons to form a double covalent bond.
-
Carbon Dioxide Molecule (CO2):
- Carbon’s proton number is 6, with an electron arrangement of 2.4.
- Carbon atom contributes 4 valence electrons for sharing.
- Each atom involved in bonds contributes specific electrons, leading to the formation of double bonds as seen in CO2.
Types of Covalent Bonds
-
Single Covalent Bond:
- Example: Hydrogen (H2), where each hydrogen atom shares 1 electron.
-
Double Covalent Bond:
- Example: Oxygen (O2), involving sharing of 2 pairs of electrons between two atoms.
-
Triple Covalent Bond:
- Example: Nitrogen (N2), where three pairs of electrons are shared between two nitrogen atoms.
Examples of Covalent Bonds
- Single Bonds: H2, Cl2, HCl, H2O, NH3.
- Double Bonds: O2, CO2.
- Triple Bonds: N2.
These arrangements illustrate how atoms bond to achieve stability and the differences between bond types that govern their properties in terms of melting and boiling points, as well as their structural formations.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of electron arrangement and Lewis structures, essential topics in chemistry. It covers the basic principles and provides insights into how to apply these concepts in various chemical scenarios. Ideal for SPM Chemistry students preparing for exams.
