148 Questions
What is the main criteria for admission to a university as per the text?
Contribution to the social purpose of the university
What is the difference between affirmative action and anti-Semitic restrictions?
Affirmative action is based on promoting diversity, while anti-Semitic restrictions are based on prejudice
What does the text suggest as the just way of allocating access to a good?
Based on the nature and purpose of the good
Why does the text mention Rawls in relation to admission standards?
To argue against moral desert in admissions
How does the text describe the belief that jobs and opportunities are rewards for those who deserve them?
Deeply ingrained
According to Kant, what might influence the just way of allocating access to a good?
The nature and purpose of the good
In terms of fairness, what does the text emphasize regarding university admissions?
'Prejudice or contempt' should not be involved in judging applicants
What does the text suggest affirmative action asserts about promoting diversity?
'Being black or Hispanic' can contribute to promoting diversity
What is the primary role of the Leviathan?
To provide peace and defense to the people in exchange for their rights
What is the basis for the legitimacy of the sovereign's authority, according to the text?
The consent of the governed through a social contract
What is the justification for absolving individuals of moral responsibility when acting under the sovereign's orders?
The sovereign has the authority to define what is right and wrong
What is John Locke's view on human nature, as described in the text?
Human nature is neither inherently good nor bad, but can lead to selfishness
What is the primary purpose of law, according to John Locke's philosophy as described in the text?
To preserve and enlarge individual freedom
What are the natural rights outlined by John Locke?
Life, liberty, and property
What is the concept of 'tacit consent' as described in the text?
Implicitly consenting by enjoying the benefits of society
What is the primary purpose of political governance, as described by John Locke?
To protect natural rights and follow natural laws
What is the main principle behind Rawls' theory of justice?
Egalitarianism, ensuring fairness and equality of opportunity
What is the significance of the 'veil of ignorance' in Rawls' thought experiment?
It ensures that individuals are not biased by their personal circumstances.
Which of the following is NOT one of Rawls' two principles of justice?
Individuals should be rewarded based on their talents and efforts.
What is the main goal of the 'difference principle' in Rawls' theory?
To ensure that any existing inequalities in society benefit the least-advantaged members.
According to Rawls, what is considered 'morally irrelevant' in determining principles of justice?
Arbitrary factors that do not affect an individual's capacity for moral reasoning
Which of the following is an example of Rawls' principle of 'fair equality of opportunity'?
Providing equal access to education and job opportunities, regardless of an individual's background.
According to Rawls, what is the purpose of the 'initial situation of equality' in his thought experiment?
To establish a fair and impartial starting point for determining principles of justice.
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic liberties that Rawls argues should be equally guaranteed for all individuals?
Freedom to accumulate unlimited wealth
Which of the following is true about distributive justice?
It is about meeting the legitimate expectations that arise from the established rules of society.
What does the text suggest about the qualities that society values?
They are arbitrary and not necessarily indicative of moral worth.
Which of the following is true about market society?
It provides open careers to those with the requisite talents and equality before the law.
What is the principle of meritocracy?
Providing equal opportunities but allowing distribution to result from a free market.
Which of the following is true about feudal aristocracies, according to the text?
They distribute income, wealth, and opportunity according to the accident of birth.
What is the author's view on moral desert?
It is rejected as a principle of distributive justice.
What does the text suggest about individuals who lack prestigious positions or talents that society values?
They are no less deserving or worthy, despite receiving fewer benefits.
What is the author's view on the fairness of life?
Life is inherently unfair because it values arbitrary qualities.
What is one potential benefit of racial preferences in college admissions?
It helps bring a more diverse range of backgrounds and perspectives to the classroom.
What is one criticism of affirmative action policies mentioned in the text?
Both A and B.
Which philosopher's view is represented in the text regarding the use of race in college admissions?
Ronald Dworkin
Based on the text, what is Kant and Rawls' view on the use of race in college admissions?
They oppose it as a violation of individual rights and academic merit.
What is Dworkin's view on the use of race in college admissions?
Universities have the right to define their own admissions policies based on the qualities they value.
Which statement best represents the 'principled objection' mentioned in the text?
Using race or ethnicity as a factor in admissions is unfair and violates individual rights.
Based on the text, which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of affirmative action policies?
Reduced prejudice and inequalities in society
What is the primary argument in favor of using race as a factor in college admissions?
It helps achieve a more diverse and pluralistic society.
What did Thomas Hobbes describe as the state of nature in political philosophy?
A state of war
What does the concept of the Leviathan represent in political philosophy?
The multitude united in one person forming a Commonwealth
In Hobbes' philosophy, why do humans seek peace despite the state of nature being described as 'nasty and brutish'?
Because peace serves their self-interest
What is the purpose of the imperative laws of nature according to Thomas Hobbes?
To prevent individuals from treating others poorly
According to political philosophy, what evolves from humans' natural right to protect themselves before the development of society?
The right to all things
What does the term 'Leviathan' symbolize in political philosophy?
The embodiment of collective authority in a Commonwealth
How does Hobbes describe the life of man in the state of nature?
'Solitary, poor, nasty, and brutish'
What is the significance of the term 'Commonwealth' in political philosophy?
Illustrates a multitude united in one person forming a governing body
What is the primary criticism raised in the text regarding Rawls' 'difference principle'?
It discourages individuals from developing their skills.
In the context of moral outrage, what factor does the text mention as potentially affecting the equality of power and knowledge?
Superior bargaining power
How does Rawls ensure the equality of power and knowledge in his theory as per the text?
By assuming an initial situation of equality
What possible consequence does the text suggest might arise if talented individuals are unable to benefit from their skills under certain conditions?
They may choose to work less or not develop their skills.
What is emphasized in the text as a potential issue with Rawls' 'difference principle' related to incentives?
Encouraging talent development
In the context of reciprocity and consent, what challenge does the text mention when one actor has superior bargaining power?
Diminished reciprocity
What is one concern raised in the text regarding the potential effect of income inequalities on talented individuals?
Discouraging talent development
How does the text suggest Rawls addresses the issue of unequal exchanges due to differing knowledge levels between actors?
'Initial situation of equality'
What is the primary difference between Hobbes' Leviathan and Locke's concept of political governance?
The Leviathan holds absolute authority, while Locke's governance involves consent and protection of natural rights.
What is the main reason why individuals transfer their rights to the sovereign or government, as mentioned in the text?
To relinquish personal autonomy for collective security and protection.
According to John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, why is consent considered a crucial element in joining a society?
Consent reflects an individual's choice to be part of a society.
In the context of natural rights outlined by John Locke, which duty corresponds to the right to life?
The duty not to harm others
How does John Locke define the purpose of political governance in relation to natural rights?
To protect natural rights and ensure freedom
What differentiates Hobbes' view of moral responsibility under the sovereign from Locke's perspective?
Hobbes believes individuals retain full moral responsibility under the sovereign, while Locke asserts moral absolution when following sovereign directives.
What is the fundamental distinction between Hobbes and Locke regarding the role of authority in determining right and wrong?
Hobbes asserts that authority dictates what is right and wrong through absolute power, while Locke believes individuals possess inherent knowledge of morality.
What is Rawls' view on the distribution of wealth and opportunities in a meritocratic society?
It is unfair because it fails to account for the arbitrary nature of one's abilities.
What is the central idea behind Rawls' concept of 'legitimate expectations' in distributive justice?
People are entitled to the benefits they earn under the established rules and principles of social cooperation.
What is Rawls' view on the concept of moral desert in distributive justice?
Moral desert is irrelevant and should not be a factor in distributive justice.
What does the text suggest about individuals who lack prestigious positions or talents that society values?
They are equally deserving, but society fails to recognize their worth.
What is the primary argument against the idea of moral desert in distributive justice, according to the text?
It is based on arbitrary and socially constructed values of what is desirable.
What is the primary distinction between Rawls' theory of justice and the principles of a market society?
Rawls' theory emphasizes the arbitrary nature of talents, while a market society rewards them.
What is the central idea behind the 'difference principle' in Rawls' theory of justice?
Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to benefit the least advantaged members of society.
What is the primary purpose of distributive justice, as proposed by Rawls?
To meet the legitimate expectations that arise from the established rules of social cooperation.
What is Dworkin's view on the use of race in college admissions?
Universities have the right to define their mission and design admission policies that prioritize particular qualities, including race.
Which of the following is a criticism of affirmative action policies mentioned in the text?
They increase racial consciousness, heighten racial tensions, and provoke resentment among white ethnic groups.
Which statement best represents the 'principled objection' to the use of race in college admissions?
Using race or ethnicity as a factor in admissions is unfair and violates the rights of applicants who are put at a competitive disadvantage through no fault of their own.
Based on the text, what is the primary argument in favor of using race as a factor in college admissions?
It brings 'differences in the backgrounds and outlook that students bring with them,' which enhances the educational experience for all students.
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of affirmative action policies?
Promoting a more meritocratic society
Based on the text, what is Kant and Rawls' view on the use of race in college admissions?
The text does not explicitly mention Kant and Rawls' views on the use of race in college admissions.
Which of the following is true about distributive justice?
The text does not explicitly discuss the concept of distributive justice.
Based on the text, what is the main principle behind Rawls' theory of justice?
The text does not provide enough information to determine the main principle behind Rawls' theory of justice.
What is one role of the Leviathan?
Deciding what is right and wrong for society
In John Locke's philosophy, what is the primary reason for transferring rights to the government?
To ensure the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property
What is John Locke's view on human nature, as described in the text?
Inherently good and selfless
According to John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, what is the relationship between natural rights and duties?
They are interdependent and complementary
How does John Locke define the purpose of law in relation to freedom?
To preserve and expand freedom through law
What did Hobbes describe as the state of nature in political philosophy?
A chaotic and dangerous environment
What is the central idea behind Rawls' concept of 'legitimate expectations' in distributive justice?
Ensuring equal opportunity for all individuals
What is the first principle of justice as outlined in the text?
Equal basic liberties for all
Social and economic inequalities should be attached to what under conditions of fairness?
Offices and positions open to all
What is the main purpose of the 'difference principle' in the context of justice as fairness?
Maximizing the general welfare with priority to the least-advantaged
Which concept does Rawls emphasize to identify what is morally irrelevant in society?
Ignorance
In justice as fairness, why are social and economic inequalities allowed in society according to the text?
To maximize benefits for the least-advantaged
What is the fundamental criteria for determining social and economic inequalities in the theory of justice as fairness?
Positions open to all under fair conditions
How does Rawls suggest we should approach the distribution of wealth in society?
With priority to benefit the least-advantaged
What role do basic liberties play in Rawls' theory of justice as fairness?
They should be equally guaranteed for all individuals
Why does the text suggest that promoting diversity is desirable in university admissions?
To advance a socially worthy aim
What is one of the criticisms raised regarding affirmative action policies in the text?
They do not address historical discrimination
Why does the text mention equipping disadvantaged minorities to assume leadership positions?
To advance the university's civic purpose
What is one way in which a racially mixed student body is beneficial, according to the text?
It enables students to learn more from each other
In terms of affirmative action, why does the text suggest compensation for past wrongs may be necessary?
To address a history of discrimination and unfair disadvantage
What is the primary motivation behind giving preference to minorities in affirmative action policies?
To address a history of discrimination and underrepresentation
Why should college admissions focus on class rather than race?
To advance social mobility based on economic status
What does the text suggest about compensating for past wrongs with affirmative action policies?
It perpetuates historical discrimination
What is the main concern regarding the use of racial preferences in college admissions?
It damages the self-esteem of minority students
What is the principled objection raised in the text against using race or ethnicity as a factor in college admissions?
It violates the rights of applicants
Based on the text, what is Dworkin's stance on admissions to universities?
Admission should be based solely on academic merit
What does the text suggest about the negative consequences of affirmative action policies?
They provoke resentment among certain groups
In the context of university admissions, what view does Kant hold regarding being considered for admission?
Applicants deserve to be admitted based on their academic merit alone
What is one of the criticisms mentioned in the text about using racial preferences in college admissions?
It increases racial consciousness and tension
What is the purpose of a university's admission policy?
To value a specific set of qualities like academic skills or athletic abilities
How does the text portray the potential impact of using racial preferences in college admissions on white ethnic groups?
'White ethnic groups feel they, too, should get a break'
What is the basis for Rawls' rejection of justice based on personal merit?
Personal merit is based on arbitrary factors like natural talents and society's values.
What is the central idea behind Rawls' 'difference principle'?
Natural talents should be viewed as a common asset, and their benefits shared to improve the situation of the less fortunate.
What is Rawls' view on the distribution of wealth and opportunities in a meritocratic society?
Wealth and opportunities should be distributed in a way that improves the situation of the least advantaged members of society.
What does the text suggest about the qualities that society values?
The qualities that society values are arbitrary and have no moral basis.
What is the primary argument against the idea of moral desert in distributive justice?
No one deserves their natural talents or their starting position in society.
What is the primary distinction between Rawls' theory of justice and the principles of a market society?
Rawls' theory rejects the idea of rewarding individuals based solely on their personal merit or natural talents.
What is the main criterion for admission to a university?
The text does not specify a main criterion for university admission.
In terms of fairness, what does the text emphasize regarding university admissions?
Admissions should not rely on morally arbitrary factors like natural talents or societal values.
What is the justification for university admissions, according to the text?
Contributes to the social purpose the university serves
What is the difference between segregation-era racial exclusion and affirmative action policies?
Segregation-era exclusion was based on racial superiority, while affirmative action promotes diversity.
What is the primary purpose of affirmative action policies?
Promoting diversity
How does the text suggest fairness should be achieved in university admissions?
By judging applicants based on criteria related to the university's mission
What does the text emphasize about the distribution of wealth and opportunities in a meritocratic society?
Talented individuals may not always benefit from their skills under certain conditions
What is the primary basis for the legitimacy of the sovereign's authority?
The sovereign's authority is based on consent
What factor does the text mention as potentially affecting the equality of power and knowledge in the context of moral outrage?
Equality of power and knowledge
How does the text describe the role of basic liberties in Rawls' theory of justice?
They are fundamental and should be protected
What is one criticism raised regarding affirmative action policies in the text?
Compensation for past wrongs may be necessary
What is the primary motivation behind giving preference to minorities in affirmative action policies?
Enhancing diversity
What potential negative consequences does the text mention about using racial preferences in college admissions?
Damage the self-esteem of minority students, increase racial consciousness, heighten racial tensions, provoke resentment among white ethnic groups
According to Dworkin, what should be the primary criteria for university admissions?
Academic merit alone
What is the main criticism raised in the text regarding the 'difference principle' in distributive justice?
It violates the rights of applicants and puts them at a competitive disadvantage.
Why does the text suggest that compensating for past wrongs may be necessary in affirmative action policies?
To equip disadvantaged minorities to assume leadership positions
In terms of fairness, what does the text emphasize regarding university admissions?
Admissions policies should prize any particular set of qualities, whether academic skills, athletic abilities, or anything else.
What is one potential benefit of having a racially mixed student body, according to the text?
Bringing diverse backgrounds and outlooks that enhance the educational experience
Who argues that using race or ethnicity as a factor in admissions is unfair?
Dworkin
What is Kant and Rawls' view on the use of race in college admissions?
There is no inherent right to be considered on academic merit alone
What is the primary argument in favor of using race as a factor in college admissions, according to the text?
To achieve a more diverse classroom and a more equal society
What does the text suggest is the main criterion for admission to a university?
Prizing any particular set of qualities
What is the primary justification for university admissions?
Contribution to the social purpose the university serves
How does the text differentiate between segregation-era racial exclusion and affirmative action?
Segregation-era exclusion was based on racial superiority, while affirmative action aims to promote diversity.
What does the text suggest is the fair way to allocate access to a good?
Based on the nature and purpose of that good
Why does the text argue that fairness requires applicants to be judged by criteria related to the university's mission?
To prevent rejections out of prejudice or contempt
What is the fundamental premise behind affirmative action policies, as per the text?
Promoting diversity
In the context of university admissions, why does the text reject the idea of admission based on moral desert?
Success is not solely individual achievement but serves the social purpose of the university
What does the text emphasize about the role of race in college admissions?
Race can be a socially useful trait for promoting diversity
What is the primary role of a university based on its purpose?
Serving the common good through teaching and research
Why is it important, as per the text, to judge applicants by criteria related to the university's mission?
To ensure fairness and prevent prejudice-driven rejections
What is the key difference between affirmative action and racial exclusion in university admissions?
Affirmative action promotes diversity while racial exclusion is based on racial superiority
Test your knowledge on the concepts of Leviathan and Social Contract Theory. Explore the relationship between individuals and authority, as well as the idea of trading rights for protection. Dive into the themes of fear, submission, and peace in political philosophy.
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