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What is the primary function of neurons in nervous tissues?
What is the primary function of neurons in nervous tissues?
What comprises the organ system level of organization in the human body?
What comprises the organ system level of organization in the human body?
Which of the following best describes neuroglia?
Which of the following best describes neuroglia?
What happens to the body when a vital component for survival is lacking?
What happens to the body when a vital component for survival is lacking?
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What defines the organismal level of organization in the human body?
What defines the organismal level of organization in the human body?
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What term describes the relationship of a body part that is situated towards the feet?
What term describes the relationship of a body part that is situated towards the feet?
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Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
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Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
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What is the term for a structure that is farther from the midline of the body?
What is the term for a structure that is farther from the midline of the body?
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What is the function of body membranes?
What is the function of body membranes?
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What describes a section that divides the body into right and left halves?
What describes a section that divides the body into right and left halves?
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Which term would describe the position of the stomach in relation to the spine?
Which term would describe the position of the stomach in relation to the spine?
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What is the intermediate position in relation to two structures?
What is the intermediate position in relation to two structures?
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What primarily causes water molecules to ‘cling’ to each other?
What primarily causes water molecules to ‘cling’ to each other?
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What is true about hydrogen bonds in water when it is in a liquid state?
What is true about hydrogen bonds in water when it is in a liquid state?
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Which property of water allows it to remain in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures?
Which property of water allows it to remain in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures?
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What defines a hydrophilic substance?
What defines a hydrophilic substance?
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Which statement best describes the arrangement of water molecules in ice?
Which statement best describes the arrangement of water molecules in ice?
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How does cohesion in water contribute to its properties?
How does cohesion in water contribute to its properties?
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What is one of the consequences of water's polarity?
What is one of the consequences of water's polarity?
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What is a characteristic behavior of hydrophobic substances in water?
What is a characteristic behavior of hydrophobic substances in water?
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What property of water is primarily responsible for creating surface tension?
What property of water is primarily responsible for creating surface tension?
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How does water's high heat capacity benefit organisms?
How does water's high heat capacity benefit organisms?
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What occurs when water interacts with a surface like waxed paper?
What occurs when water interacts with a surface like waxed paper?
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In the process of moving through blood vessels, water exhibits which properties?
In the process of moving through blood vessels, water exhibits which properties?
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What effect does water evaporating from the body's surface have?
What effect does water evaporating from the body's surface have?
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Which characteristic of water allows it to transport materials effectively in plants?
Which characteristic of water allows it to transport materials effectively in plants?
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Why does water's temperature change slowly?
Why does water's temperature change slowly?
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What is the result of water's cohesive properties at the air-water interface?
What is the result of water's cohesive properties at the air-water interface?
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What is the process called when monomers are joined to form macromolecules?
What is the process called when monomers are joined to form macromolecules?
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Which of the following accurately describes hydrolysis?
Which of the following accurately describes hydrolysis?
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What role do enzymes play in metabolic reactions?
What role do enzymes play in metabolic reactions?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of biologically important macromolecules?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of biologically important macromolecules?
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What by-product is formed during the condensation reaction of two monomers?
What by-product is formed during the condensation reaction of two monomers?
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In the digestive process, which reaction predominates when breaking down food?
In the digestive process, which reaction predominates when breaking down food?
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What is the definition of metabolism?
What is the definition of metabolism?
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What type of macromolecule is primarily broken down during catabolism?
What type of macromolecule is primarily broken down during catabolism?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- The human body is organized in a hierarchical manner, from the simplest to the most complex.
- Chemical Level: This level involves atoms and molecules, the fundamental building blocks of life.
- Cellular Level: Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body, formed from different molecules.
- Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
- Organ Level: Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to carry out a specific function.
- Organ System Level: Organ systems are groups of organs that cooperate to perform complex body functions.
- Organismal Level: The highest level of organization, where all organ systems work together as a single, coordinated unit.
Directional Terms
- Superior/Cranial: Towards the head or upper part of a structure.
- Inferior/Caudal: Towards the feet or lower part of a structure.
- Anterior/Ventral: Nearer to or at the front of the body.
- Posterior/Dorsal: Nearer to or at the back of the body.
- Superficial: Towards or on the body surface.
- Deep: Away from the surface of the body.
- Internal: Inside the body of a structure.
- External: Outside the body of a structure.
- Medial: Nearer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Farther from the body midline.
- Intermediate: Between two structures.
- Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
- Ipsilateral: On the same side.
- Contralateral: On the opposite side.
Body Planes & Sections
-
Sagittal (Median) Plane: Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides.
- Midsagittal Plane: When right and left sides are equal in size.
- Parasagittal Plane: When right and left sides are unequal in size.
- Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
- Oblique Plane: On an angle.
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity (Posterior Cavity): Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord).
-
Ventral Cavity (Anterior Cavity): Contains the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity.
- Abdominal Cavity: Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
- Pelvic Cavity: Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and female and male reproductive organs.
Water's Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding
- Water molecules are polar, meaning they have a positive and negative end due to uneven sharing of electrons.
- This polarity allows for hydrogen bonding between water molecules, where a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom of another molecule.
- These weak bonds give water its unique properties:
- Liquid state over a wide temperature range: Crucial for life as it allows for transport and carrying of materials.
- Solvent for other molecules: Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, forming solutions.
- Cohesion and adhesion: Water molecules cling to each other (cohesion) and to other surfaces (adhesion), facilitating flow and filling of spaces.
- High heat capacity: Water resists rapid temperature changes, helping to stabilize body temperature.
The Basis of Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
- Macromolecules are large molecules that are built from smaller building blocks called monomers.
- Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction: Monomers are joined together by removing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis Reaction: Macromolecules are broken down into monomers by adding a water molecule.
Categories of Metabolism
- Catabolism: The breakdown of organic molecules (releasing energy).
- Anabolism: The building of complex molecules from simpler ones (requiring energy).
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Description
This quiz explores the hierarchical structure of the human body, covering various levels of organization from the chemical to the organismal level. Understand how atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the entire organism work together. Test your knowledge on directional terms that help describe locations in the body.
