Levels of Organization in Human Body
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit of life that can perform all the essential functions necessary for life?

  • Organ
  • Tissue
  • Organism
  • Cell (correct)

    • What type of cell are human cells classified as?

  • Photosynthetic
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic (correct)
  • Autotrophic

    • Which cellular organelle is responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is considered non-cancerous and does not spread to other tissues?

    <p>Benign tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells specialize and take on specific functions?

    <p>Cell differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to an accumulation of cells that grow uncontrollably?

    <p>Tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of organization in living organisms?

    <p>Ecological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cancer?

    <p>Stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

    <p>Nervous tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Transporting oxygen throughout the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health according to the WHO?

    <p>A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determining factor of health that individuals can modify?

    <p>Lifestyle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease?

    <p>Symptoms are subjective, while signs are objective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease is caused by a pathogenic microorganism?

    <p>Infectious disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of connective tissue?

    <p>Protection and support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is found in nervous tissue and forms a protective sheath around neurons?

    <p>Oligodendrocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the digestive system?

    <p>To break down food into nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acute and chronic diseases?

    <p>Acute diseases have a sudden onset and short duration, while chronic diseases have a gradual onset and long duration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects mental health?

    <p>Climate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the urinary system?

    <p>To eliminate waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a lifestyle factor that can affect health?

    <p>Diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adipose tissue?

    <p>To store energy and act as insulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the health system that influences health?

    <p>Public health policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease develops slowly and persists for a long time, sometimes a lifetime?

    <p>Chronic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease is caused by abnormal cell proliferation, such as cancer?

    <p>Tumor or neoplastic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the natural habitat where a pathogen lives and reproduces?

    <p>Reservoir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary barrier of innate immunity?

    <p>Inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of immunity that is acquired through exposure to pathogens and involves a memory response?

    <p>Adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a mental health disorder?

    <p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is characterized by the progressive deterioration of tissues and organs?

    <p>Degenerative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unicellular prokaryotic organism that can invade cells or release harmful substances?

    <p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease outbreak occurs when a disease spreads rapidly throughout a geographical area, affecting many people in a short time?

    <p>Epidemic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a disease that is present regularly in a specific geographical area?

    <p>Endemic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chronic disease

    Diseases that develop slowly and persist for a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

    Genetic disease

    Diseases caused by alterations in genes, often inherited.

    Tumor

    A mass caused by abnormal cell proliferation, can be benign or malignant.

    Prions

    Abnormal proteins that cause damage and death of cells in nervous tissue.

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    Virus

    Non-living entities that need a host cell to reproduce and survive.

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    Epidemic

    A disease that spreads rapidly within a geographical area, affecting many people.

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    Acquired immunity

    A part of the immune system learned over time, improving with exposure to pathogens.

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    Primary barriers

    First line of defense in the immune system, preventing pathogen entry.

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    Reservoir

    The natural habitat where a pathogen lives and reproduces.

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    Pandemic

    An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries and continents.

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    Levels of organization

    Different complexity levels in living matter, from atoms to organisms.

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    Atomic level

    The most basic level, composed of atoms that make up all matter.

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    Molecular level

    Formed by molecules, which are two or more atoms bonded together.

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    Cellular level

    The level where the simplest living unit, the cell, exists.

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    Human cells

    Eukaryotic cells that carry out vital functions like nutrition and reproduction.

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    Ribosomes

    Non-membrane particles that synthesize proteins from amino acids.

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    Cancer

    A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread to other tissues.

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    Prevention

    Actions taken to reduce the incidence of diseases.

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    Skeletal Muscle

    Striated muscle that connects to bones, allowing movement.

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    Cardiac Muscle

    Involuntary muscle found in the heart, with transverse striations.

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    Smooth Muscle

    Involuntary muscle that surrounds internal organs, has one nucleus.

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    Epithelial Tissue

    Layers of cells with little space between, covering surfaces.

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    Nervous Tissue

    Responsible for transmitting nerve signals, consists of neurons.

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    Connective Tissue

    Supports, fills, and connects different body tissues.

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    Blood Tissue

    Liquid matrix called plasma that transports substances in the body.

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    Health

    A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

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    Biological Factors

    Genetic and physiological aspects influencing health.

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    Lifestyle Factors

    Personal behaviors like diet and exercise that impact health.

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    Infectious Diseases

    Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

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    Symptoms

    Subjective feelings that indicate a problem in the body.

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    Signs

    Objective manifestations observable by others or medical professionals.

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    Acute Diseases

    Diseases that come on suddenly and last a short time.

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    Study Notes

    Levels of Organization in the Human Body

    • Humans are complex organisms with hierarchical levels of organization.
    • Atomic level: Atoms of elements make up living matter.
    • Molecular level: Molecules form from bonded atoms.
    • Cellular level: Cells are the basic units of life.
    • Tissue level: Tissues comprise similar cells working together.

    Human Cells

    • Cells are the simplest living units capable of nutrition, relationship, and reproduction.
    • Human cells are eukaryotic and heterotrophic.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing genetic material.
    • Heterotrophic cells obtain nutrients from outside sources.

    Organelles in Human Cells

    • Ribosomes: Non-membrane structures building proteins.
    • Mitochondria: Oval organelles for cellular respiration (energy production).
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Membranous network (rough ER and smooth ER).
    • Golgi Apparatus: Flattened sacs (cisternae) for processing and packaging.
    • Vesicles: Small sacs for storage, transport, and digestion.

    Cell Differentiation and Disease

    • Cells are programmed for growth, division, and death.
    • Cancer: Uncontrolled cell multiplication forming tumors.
    • Benign tumors: Grow slowly, remain localized.
    • Malignant tumors (cancer): Invade surrounding tissues, metastasize.
    • Cancer causes are numerous (e.g., environment, radiation, heredity).
    • Prevention and early detection are crucial.
    • Common cancer risk factors include environment, radiation, obesity, infections, tobacco use, sunlight, alcohol, age, poor diet, and heredity.

    Muscle Tissue Types

    • Muscle tissue: Elongated cells (myocytes) with contractile proteins.
    • Skeletal muscle: Striated, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei, voluntary, attached to bones.
    • Cardiac muscle: Striated, branched cells with one or two nuclei, involuntary, forms heart walls.
    • Smooth muscle: Elongated cells with single nuclei, involuntary, surrounds internal organs (digestive system, blood vessels, bladder).

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Epithelial tissue: Cells packed tightly in layers, linings and glands.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve signals.
    • Composed of neurons and glial cells.
    • Microglia: Protect against infections, clear damaged cells.
    • Oligodendrocyte: Forms myelin sheath around neuron extensions.
    • Neuron: Specialized, non-dividing cell.
    • Astrocyte: Provides nutrients to neurons.

    Connective Tissue Types

    • Connective tissue: Supports, connects other tissues.
    • Loose connective tissue: Fills spaces between organs and structures.
    • Adipose tissue: Stores fat, protects, insulates, energy reserve.
    • Blood tissue: Fluid matrix (plasma), transports substances.
    • Cartilaginous tissue: Supports and cushions.
    • Bone tissue: Mineralized, solid matrix for support.

    The Function of Nutrition

    • Nutrition involves taking in substances and converting them to matter and energy.
    • Systems involved in nutrition include respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems.

    Health, Illness, and Determinants

    • Health: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
    • Social health: Related to social conditions.
    • Physical health: Biological functioning influenced by factors.
    • Mental health: Well-being to handle daily stressors.
    • Health determining factors: Biological considerations, lifestyle behaviors, environmental impacts, and health systems.

    Disease

    • Disease: Alteration of body structure/function causing health loss.
    • Pathology: Study of disease.
    • Etiology: Study of disease causes.
    • Symptoms: Subjective experiences (e.g., pain, nausea).
    • Signs: Objective observations (e.g., fever, rash).
    • Types of diseases: Non-infectious, infectious (origin).
    • Types of diseases: Acute, chronic (duration).

    Non-Infectious Disease Types

    • Genetic diseases: Caused by genetic mutations.
    • Tumor/Neoplastic diseases: Abnormal cell growth, cancer.
    • Immune diseases: Impaired immune response (allergies, celiac).
    • Mental disorders: Alterations in thoughts/emotions.
    • Degenerative diseases: Progressive tissue/organ damage (Alzheimer's).
    • Nutritional/behavioral diseases: Malnutrition, anorexia, bulimia.
    • Other non-infectious disease types: Accidents, environmental exposures.

    Pathogenic Agents

    • Prions: Abnormal proteins causing neurological damage.
    • Viruses: Non-living entities requiring host cells to reproduce.
    • Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
    • Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms, some causing skin infections.
    • Parasites: Protozoa and worms causing parasitic diseases.

    Reservoir and Source of Infection

    • Reservoir: Natural habitat of the pathogen.
    • Source of Infection: Place/organism from which pathogen moves to host.

    Host

    • Host: Organism that harbors another organism (e.g., parasite/virus/bacteria).

    Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic

    • Endemic: Regularly present disease in a specific area.
    • Epidemic: Spread of disease affecting many people.
    • Pandemic: Epidemic that spreads internationally.

    Immunity

    • Immunity: Body's defense system against pathogens.
    • Innate immunity: Primary and secondary barriers.
    • Acquired immunity: Learned and improves over time, has memory.

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    Description

    Explore the hierarchical structure of the human body with this quiz covering levels of organization from atoms to tissues. Learn about human cells, their characteristics, and the essential organelles involved in cellular functions. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the intricate systems that make up living organisms.

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